diff --git a/packages/rete/src/conflict.test.ts b/packages/rete/src/conflict.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c107dac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/rete/src/conflict.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,160 @@
+import { describe, it, expect } from "vitest";
+import { orderActivations, type Activation, type OrderableRule } from "./conflict.js";
+import { Token, type TokenFact } from "./beta.js";
+import type { EntityId } from "./schema.js";
+
+// Minimal token for testing — orderActivations doesn't inspect token content.
+const mockFact: TokenFact = { id: 1 as EntityId, attr: "x", value: 1 };
+const mockToken = new Token(null, mockFact, {});
+
+function makeRule(
+  name: string,
+  salience: number,
+  conditionCount: number,
+  addedAt: number,
+): OrderableRule {
+  return {
+    name,
+    salience,
+    conditions: Array.from({ length: conditionCount }, (_, i) => ({
+      id: null,
+      attr: `attr${i}`,
+      binding: null,
+    })),
+    handler: "noop",
+    addedAt,
+  };
+}
+
+function makeActivation(
+  name: string,
+  salience: number,
+  conditions: number,
+  addedAt: number,
+): Activation {
+  return {
+    rule: makeRule(name, salience, conditions, addedAt),
+    token: mockToken,
+  };
+}
+
+describe("orderActivations()", () => {
+  it("orders by salience descending", () => {
+    const activations = [
+      makeActivation("low", 0, 1, 0),
+      makeActivation("high", 10, 1, 1),
+      makeActivation("mid", 5, 1, 2),
+    ];
+    const ordered = orderActivations(activations);
+    expect(ordered.map((a) => a.rule.name)).toEqual(["high", "mid", "low"]);
+  });
+
+  it("when salience ties, orders by specificity (condition count) descending", () => {
+    const activations = [
+      makeActivation("one-cond", 5, 1, 0),
+      makeActivation("three-cond", 5, 3, 1),
+      makeActivation("two-cond", 5, 2, 2),
+    ];
+    const ordered = orderActivations(activations);
+    expect(ordered.map((a) => a.rule.name)).toEqual([
+      "three-cond",
+      "two-cond",
+      "one-cond",
+    ]);
+  });
+
+  it("when salience and specificity tie, orders by insertion order ascending (earlier fires first)", () => {
+    const activations = [
+      makeActivation("third", 0, 2, 2),
+      makeActivation("first", 0, 2, 0),
+      makeActivation("second", 0, 2, 1),
+    ];
+    const ordered = orderActivations(activations);
+    expect(ordered.map((a) => a.rule.name)).toEqual(["first", "second", "third"]);
+  });
+
+  it("combines all three tiebreakers correctly", () => {
+    const activations = [
+      makeActivation("A", 5, 2, 1), // salience 5, 2 conds, added 1st
+      makeActivation("B", 5, 3, 0), // salience 5, 3 conds, added 0th
+      makeActivation("C", 10, 1, 2), // salience 10, 1 cond
+      makeActivation("D", 5, 2, 0), // salience 5, 2 conds, added 0th
+    ];
+    const ordered = orderActivations(activations);
+    // C first (highest salience=10)
+    // B second (salience=5, most conditions=3)
+    // D third (salience=5, conditions=2, addedAt=0)
+    // A fourth (salience=5, conditions=2, addedAt=1)
+    expect(ordered.map((a) => a.rule.name)).toEqual(["C", "B", "D", "A"]);
+  });
+
+  it("returns empty array for empty input", () => {
+    expect(orderActivations([])).toEqual([]);
+  });
+
+  it("returns single-element array unchanged", () => {
+    const a = makeActivation("only", 5, 3, 0);
+    const result = orderActivations([a]);
+    expect(result).toHaveLength(1);
+    expect(result[0]).toBe(a);
+  });
+
+  it("does not mutate the input array", () => {
+    const a1 = makeActivation("a", 0, 1, 0);
+    const a2 = makeActivation("b", 10, 1, 1);
+    const input = [a1, a2];
+    const beforeRefs = [input[0], input[1]];
+    orderActivations(input);
+    expect(input[0]).toBe(beforeRefs[0]);
+    expect(input[1]).toBe(beforeRefs[1]);
+    expect(input).toHaveLength(2);
+  });
+
+  it("returns a new array (referential non-identity)", () => {
+    const input: Activation[] = [makeActivation("x", 0, 1, 0)];
+    const result = orderActivations(input);
+    expect(result).not.toBe(input);
+  });
+
+  it("determinism fuzz: 20 permutations of the same activation set produce identical ordering", () => {
+    const base = [
+      makeActivation("r1", 5, 3, 0),
+      makeActivation("r2", 5, 2, 1),
+      makeActivation("r3", 10, 1, 2),
+      makeActivation("r4", 0, 5, 3),
+      makeActivation("r5", 5, 3, 4),
+    ];
+
+    // Create 20 deterministic permutations (no Math.random)
+    const shuffles: Activation[][] = [];
+    for (let i = 0; i < 20; i++) {
+      const shuffled = [...base];
+      // Rotate by i positions
+      for (let j = 0; j < i % base.length; j++) {
+        shuffled.push(shuffled.shift()!);
+      }
+      // Reverse every other permutation for more variety
+      if (i % 2 === 1) shuffled.reverse();
+      shuffles.push(shuffled);
+    }
+
+    const results = shuffles.map((s) =>
+      orderActivations(s).map((a) => a.rule.name),
+    );
+    const first = results[0]!;
+    expect(results.every((r) => r.join(",") === first.join(","))).toBe(true);
+    // Expected: r3 (sal=10) → r1/r5 (sal=5, specificity=3) → r2 (sal=5, spec=2) → r4 (sal=0)
+    // r1 before r5 because addedAt 0 < 4
+    expect(first).toEqual(["r3", "r1", "r5", "r2", "r4"]);
+  });
+
+  it("negative salience still orders correctly", () => {
+    const activations = [
+      makeActivation("neg", -5, 1, 0),
+      makeActivation("zero", 0, 1, 1),
+      makeActivation("pos", 5, 1, 2),
+    ];
+    const ordered = orderActivations(activations);
+    expect(ordered.map((a) => a.rule.name)).toEqual(["pos", "zero", "neg"]);
+  });
+});
diff --git a/packages/rete/src/conflict.ts b/packages/rete/src/conflict.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..541a501
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/rete/src/conflict.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
+/**
+ * Deterministic conflict resolution for the Rete agenda.
+ *
+ * Per `packages/rete/SPEC.md §Conflict Resolution`, pending rule activations
+ * must fire in a stable, reproducible order determined by three keys, applied
+ * in strict priority:
+ *
+ *   1. **Salience descending** — higher salience fires before lower.
+ *   2. **Specificity descending** — the rule with more LHS conditions fires
+ *      first when salience ties. This matches CLIPS/Jess conventions: a more
+ *      specific match is preferred over a general one.
+ *   3. **Insertion order ascending** — when salience *and* specificity tie,
+ *      the rule registered earliest with the session wins. `addedAt` is
+ *      the zero-based index assigned by {@link Session.add} at registration
+ *      time.
+ *
+ * The ordering is a total order — no key permits ties, so two activations
+ * can only compare equal if they share salience, specificity, AND addedAt,
+ * which is forbidden at the session level (each rule gets a unique index).
+ * Downstream callers therefore do not need `Array#sort` stability guarantees.
+ *
+ * {@link orderActivations} is a pure function: it allocates a fresh array
+ * and never mutates its input. This is load-bearing for the integration
+ * with the agenda, which keeps the raw activation list around and repeatedly
+ * re-orders a snapshot.
+ */
+import type { Token } from "./beta.js";
+
+/**
+ * A rule shape accepted by {@link orderActivations}.
+ *
+ * This intentionally mirrors {@link RuleDefinition} from `builder.ts` but
+ * tags on the `addedAt` insertion index assigned by {@link Session.add}.
+ * It is kept structurally independent of `RuleDefinition` so the conflict
+ * module has no circular dependency on the builder.
+ */
+export interface OrderableRule {
+  readonly name: string;
+  readonly salience: number;
+  readonly conditions: readonly unknown[];
+  readonly handler: string;
+  readonly addedAt: number;
+}
+
+/**
+ * A pending rule firing: the rule that matched plus the full-match token.
+ *
+ * Activations are opaque to the ordering function — only fields on `rule`
+ * are inspected. The `token` is carried through so the agenda can later
+ * invoke the rule's handler with the correct bindings.
+ */
+export interface Activation {
+  readonly rule: OrderableRule;
+  readonly token: Token;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Return a new array of activations in firing order.
+ *
+ * Pure; input is not mutated. See module-level doc for the three ordering
+ * keys. Implemented via a single `Array#sort` with a lexicographic
+ * comparator — `Array#sort` in V8/JSC is guaranteed stable since ES2019,
+ * but this comparator already yields a total order so stability is
+ * redundant.
+ */
+export function orderActivations(
+  activations: readonly Activation[],
+): Activation[] {
+  return [...activations].sort((a, b) => {
+    // 1. Salience descending (higher salience sorts earlier).
+    if (b.rule.salience !== a.rule.salience) {
+      return b.rule.salience - a.rule.salience;
+    }
+    // 2. Specificity (number of LHS conditions) descending.
+    const specA = a.rule.conditions.length;
+    const specB = b.rule.conditions.length;
+    if (specB !== specA) {
+      return specB - specA;
+    }
+    // 3. Insertion order ascending (earlier-registered rule wins).
+    return a.rule.addedAt - b.rule.addedAt;
+  });
+}
diff --git a/packages/rete/src/index.ts b/packages/rete/src/index.ts
index d4b8718..47bc186 100644
--- a/packages/rete/src/index.ts
+++ b/packages/rete/src/index.ts
@@ -41,3 +41,6 @@ export { ProductionNode, query, queryAll, NoMatchError } from "./query.js";
 
 export type { DerivedFact, DerivedHandler } from "./derived.js";
 export { DerivedFactProduction } from "./derived.js";
+
+export type { Activation, OrderableRule } from "./conflict.js";
+export { orderActivations } from "./conflict.js";
diff --git a/packages/rete/src/session.ts b/packages/rete/src/session.ts
index 9d06455..2cb342c 100644
--- a/packages/rete/src/session.ts
+++ b/packages/rete/src/session.ts
@@ -7,8 +7,19 @@ import { WorkingMemory, type AttrKey, type FactValue } from "./wm.js";
 import { AlphaNetwork } from "./alpha.js";
 import type { EntityId } from "./schema.js";
 import type { RuleDefinition } from "./builder.js";
+import type { OrderableRule } from "./conflict.js";
 import { RecursionLimitExceededError } from "./cycle.js";
 
+/**
+ * Internal record pairing a registered {@link RuleDefinition} with its
+ * zero-based insertion index. The index is the third tiebreaker used by
+ * {@link orderActivations} (see conflict.ts).
+ */
+interface RegisteredRule {
+  readonly rule: RuleDefinition;
+  readonly addedAt: number;
+}
+
 export interface SessionOptions {
   /** If true, fireRules() is called automatically after each insert/retract. Default: true. */
   autoFire?: boolean;
@@ -19,7 +30,7 @@ export interface SessionOptions {
 export class Session {
   readonly #wm: WorkingMemory;
   readonly #alpha: AlphaNetwork;
-  readonly #rules: RuleDefinition[] = [];
+  readonly #rules: RegisteredRule[] = [];
   readonly #opts: Required<SessionOptions>;
   #idCounter = 0;
 
@@ -82,9 +93,31 @@ export class Session {
   /**
    * Register a rule with the session.
    * Accepts a RuleDefinition produced by defineRule() (see builder.ts).
+   *
+   * Each registration is assigned a zero-based `addedAt` index, exposed
+   * via {@link _getOrderableRules} for the conflict-resolution sort
+   * (see conflict.ts, SPEC.md §Conflict Resolution).
    */
   add(rule: RuleDefinition): void {
-    this.#rules.push(rule);
+    this.#rules.push({ rule, addedAt: this.#rules.length });
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Package-internal accessor returning registered rules in a shape
+   * compatible with {@link OrderableRule} (i.e. with `addedAt` attached).
+   *
+   * Used by the agenda/beta network to build {@link Activation} values
+   * that can be passed to {@link orderActivations}. Not exported from
+   * the package index — consumers should go through `fireRules()`.
+   */
+  _getOrderableRules(): readonly OrderableRule[] {
+    return this.#rules.map(({ rule, addedAt }) => ({
+      name: rule.name,
+      salience: rule.salience,
+      conditions: rule.conditions,
+      handler: rule.handler,
+      addedAt,
+    }));
   }
 
   /**