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Revamped makeweb.py script; docs regenerated.

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@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ llvm-dev mailing list and irc.oftc.net#llvm (mdevan).</p>
<div id="footer">
<div id="footer-text">
Web pages &copy; Mahadevan R. Generated with <a href="http://www.methods.co.nz/asciidoc/">asciidoc</a>.
Last updated 05-Jul-2008.
Last updated 21-Jul-2008.
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@ -124,7 +124,7 @@ Improve tests.
<div id="footer">
<div id="footer-text">
Web pages &copy; Mahadevan R. Generated with <a href="http://www.methods.co.nz/asciidoc/">asciidoc</a>.
Last updated 05-Jul-2008.
Last updated 21-Jul-2008.
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@ -121,6 +121,8 @@ package.</p>
<div class="content">
<pre><tt>0.3, in progress:
* Intrinsics added.
* JIT Tutorials ported (Sebastian Binet).
* GenericValue added. Used by ExecutionEngine.run().
* Build cleanly on OpenBSD, x86-64/amd64 (Laurence Tratt).
* Updated documentation.
@ -156,7 +158,7 @@ package.</p>
<div id="footer">
<div id="footer-text">
Web pages &copy; Mahadevan R. Generated with <a href="http://www.methods.co.nz/asciidoc/">asciidoc</a>.
Last updated 05-Jul-2008.
Last updated 21-Jul-2008.
</div>
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@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ to the <tt>C</tt> function:</p>
by Lorenzo Bettini
http://www.lorenzobettini.it
http://www.gnu.org/software/src-highlite -->
<pre><tt><span style="color: #009900">int</span> <span style="color: #000000">sum</span><span style="color: #990000">(</span><span style="color: #009900">int</span> a<span style="color: #990000">,</span> <span style="color: #009900">int</span> b<span style="color: #990000">)</span>
<pre><tt><span style="color: #009900">int</span> <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #000000">sum</span></span><span style="color: #990000">(</span><span style="color: #009900">int</span> a<span style="color: #990000">,</span> <span style="color: #009900">int</span> b<span style="color: #990000">)</span>
<span style="color: #FF0000">{</span>
<span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">return</span></span> a <span style="color: #990000">+</span> b<span style="color: #990000">;</span>
<span style="color: #FF0000">}</span>
@ -59,20 +59,20 @@ http://www.gnu.org/software/src-highlite -->
<span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #000080">from</span></span> llvm<span style="color: #990000">.</span>core <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #000080">import</span></span> <span style="color: #990000">*</span>
<span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900"># Create an (empty) module.</span></span>
my<span style="color: #009900">_</span>module <span style="color: #990000">=</span> <span style="color: #009900">Module</span><span style="color: #990000">.</span><span style="color: #000000">new</span><span style="color: #990000">(</span><span style="color: #FF0000">'my_module'</span><span style="color: #990000">)</span>
my<span style="color: #009900">_</span>module <span style="color: #990000">=</span> <span style="color: #009900">Module</span><span style="color: #990000">.</span><span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #000000">new</span></span><span style="color: #990000">(</span><span style="color: #FF0000">'my_module'</span><span style="color: #990000">)</span>
<span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900"># All the types involved here are "int"s. This type is represented</span></span>
<span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900"># by an object of the llvm.core.Type class:</span></span>
ty<span style="color: #009900">_</span>int <span style="color: #990000">=</span> <span style="color: #009900">Type</span><span style="color: #990000">.</span><span style="color: #000000">int</span><span style="color: #990000">()</span> <span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900"># by default 32 bits</span></span>
ty<span style="color: #009900">_</span>int <span style="color: #990000">=</span> <span style="color: #009900">Type</span><span style="color: #990000">.</span><span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #000000">int</span></span><span style="color: #990000">()</span> <span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900"># by default 32 bits</span></span>
<span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900"># We need to represent the class of functions that accept two integers</span></span>
<span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900"># and return an integer. This is represented by an object of the</span></span>
<span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900"># function type (llvm.core.FunctionType):</span></span>
ty<span style="color: #009900">_</span>func <span style="color: #990000">=</span> <span style="color: #009900">Type</span><span style="color: #990000">.</span><span style="color: #000000">function</span><span style="color: #990000">(</span>ty<span style="color: #009900">_</span>int<span style="color: #990000">,</span> <span style="color: #990000">[</span>ty<span style="color: #009900">_</span>int<span style="color: #990000">,</span> ty<span style="color: #009900">_</span>int<span style="color: #990000">])</span>
ty<span style="color: #009900">_</span>func <span style="color: #990000">=</span> <span style="color: #009900">Type</span><span style="color: #990000">.</span><span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #000000">function</span></span><span style="color: #990000">(</span>ty<span style="color: #009900">_</span>int<span style="color: #990000">,</span> <span style="color: #990000">[</span>ty<span style="color: #009900">_</span>int<span style="color: #990000">,</span> ty<span style="color: #009900">_</span>int<span style="color: #990000">])</span>
<span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900"># Now we need a function named 'sum' of this type. Functions are not</span></span>
<span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900"># free-standing (in llvm-py); it needs to be contained in a module.</span></span>
f<span style="color: #009900">_</span>sum <span style="color: #990000">=</span> my<span style="color: #009900">_</span>module<span style="color: #990000">.</span><span style="color: #000000">add_function</span><span style="color: #990000">(</span>ty<span style="color: #009900">_</span>func<span style="color: #990000">,</span> <span style="color: #FF0000">"sum"</span><span style="color: #990000">)</span>
f<span style="color: #009900">_</span>sum <span style="color: #990000">=</span> my<span style="color: #009900">_</span>module<span style="color: #990000">.</span><span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #000000">add_function</span></span><span style="color: #990000">(</span>ty<span style="color: #009900">_</span>func<span style="color: #990000">,</span> <span style="color: #FF0000">"sum"</span><span style="color: #990000">)</span>
<span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900"># Let's name the function arguments as 'a' and 'b'.</span></span>
f<span style="color: #009900">_</span>sum<span style="color: #990000">.</span>args<span style="color: #990000">[</span><span style="color: #993399">0</span><span style="color: #990000">].</span>name <span style="color: #990000">=</span> <span style="color: #FF0000">"a"</span>
@ -81,17 +81,17 @@ f<span style="color: #009900">_</span>sum<span style="color: #990000">.</span>ar
<span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900"># Our function needs a "basic block" -- a set of instructions that</span></span>
<span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900"># end with a terminator (like return, branch etc.). By convention</span></span>
<span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900"># the first block is called "entry".</span></span>
bb <span style="color: #990000">=</span> f<span style="color: #009900">_</span>sum<span style="color: #990000">.</span><span style="color: #000000">append_basic_block</span><span style="color: #990000">(</span><span style="color: #FF0000">"entry"</span><span style="color: #990000">)</span>
bb <span style="color: #990000">=</span> f<span style="color: #009900">_</span>sum<span style="color: #990000">.</span><span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #000000">append_basic_block</span></span><span style="color: #990000">(</span><span style="color: #FF0000">"entry"</span><span style="color: #990000">)</span>
<span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900"># Let's add instructions into the block. For this, we need an</span></span>
<span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900"># instruction builder:</span></span>
builder <span style="color: #990000">=</span> <span style="color: #009900">Builder</span><span style="color: #990000">.</span><span style="color: #000000">new</span><span style="color: #990000">(</span>bb<span style="color: #990000">)</span>
builder <span style="color: #990000">=</span> <span style="color: #009900">Builder</span><span style="color: #990000">.</span><span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #000000">new</span></span><span style="color: #990000">(</span>bb<span style="color: #990000">)</span>
<span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900"># OK, now for the instructions themselves. We'll create an add</span></span>
<span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900"># instruction that returns the sum as a value, which we'll use</span></span>
<span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900"># a ret instruction to return.</span></span>
tmp <span style="color: #990000">=</span> builder<span style="color: #990000">.</span><span style="color: #000000">add</span><span style="color: #990000">(</span>f<span style="color: #009900">_</span>sum<span style="color: #990000">.</span>args<span style="color: #990000">[</span><span style="color: #993399">0</span><span style="color: #990000">],</span> f<span style="color: #009900">_</span>sum<span style="color: #990000">.</span>args<span style="color: #990000">[</span><span style="color: #993399">1</span><span style="color: #990000">],</span> <span style="color: #FF0000">"tmp"</span><span style="color: #990000">)</span>
builder<span style="color: #990000">.</span><span style="color: #000000">ret</span><span style="color: #990000">(</span>tmp<span style="color: #990000">)</span>
tmp <span style="color: #990000">=</span> builder<span style="color: #990000">.</span><span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #000000">add</span></span><span style="color: #990000">(</span>f<span style="color: #009900">_</span>sum<span style="color: #990000">.</span>args<span style="color: #990000">[</span><span style="color: #993399">0</span><span style="color: #990000">],</span> f<span style="color: #009900">_</span>sum<span style="color: #990000">.</span>args<span style="color: #990000">[</span><span style="color: #993399">1</span><span style="color: #990000">],</span> <span style="color: #FF0000">"tmp"</span><span style="color: #990000">)</span>
builder<span style="color: #990000">.</span><span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #000000">ret</span></span><span style="color: #990000">(</span>tmp<span style="color: #990000">)</span>
<span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900"># We've completed the definition now! Let's see the LLVM assembly</span></span>
<span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900"># language representation of what we've created:</span></span>
@ -123,35 +123,35 @@ http://www.gnu.org/software/src-highlite -->
<span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #000080">from</span></span> llvm<span style="color: #990000">.</span>ee <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #000080">import</span></span> <span style="color: #990000">*</span> <span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900"># new import: ee = Execution Engine</span></span>
<span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900"># Create a module, as in the previous example.</span></span>
my<span style="color: #009900">_</span>module <span style="color: #990000">=</span> <span style="color: #009900">Module</span><span style="color: #990000">.</span><span style="color: #000000">new</span><span style="color: #990000">(</span><span style="color: #FF0000">'my_module'</span><span style="color: #990000">)</span>
ty<span style="color: #009900">_</span>int <span style="color: #990000">=</span> <span style="color: #009900">Type</span><span style="color: #990000">.</span><span style="color: #000000">int</span><span style="color: #990000">()</span> <span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900"># by default 32 bits</span></span>
ty<span style="color: #009900">_</span>func <span style="color: #990000">=</span> <span style="color: #009900">Type</span><span style="color: #990000">.</span><span style="color: #000000">function</span><span style="color: #990000">(</span>ty<span style="color: #009900">_</span>int<span style="color: #990000">,</span> <span style="color: #990000">[</span>ty<span style="color: #009900">_</span>int<span style="color: #990000">,</span> ty<span style="color: #009900">_</span>int<span style="color: #990000">])</span>
f<span style="color: #009900">_</span>sum <span style="color: #990000">=</span> my<span style="color: #009900">_</span>module<span style="color: #990000">.</span><span style="color: #000000">add_function</span><span style="color: #990000">(</span>ty<span style="color: #009900">_</span>func<span style="color: #990000">,</span> <span style="color: #FF0000">"sum"</span><span style="color: #990000">)</span>
my<span style="color: #009900">_</span>module <span style="color: #990000">=</span> <span style="color: #009900">Module</span><span style="color: #990000">.</span><span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #000000">new</span></span><span style="color: #990000">(</span><span style="color: #FF0000">'my_module'</span><span style="color: #990000">)</span>
ty<span style="color: #009900">_</span>int <span style="color: #990000">=</span> <span style="color: #009900">Type</span><span style="color: #990000">.</span><span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #000000">int</span></span><span style="color: #990000">()</span> <span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900"># by default 32 bits</span></span>
ty<span style="color: #009900">_</span>func <span style="color: #990000">=</span> <span style="color: #009900">Type</span><span style="color: #990000">.</span><span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #000000">function</span></span><span style="color: #990000">(</span>ty<span style="color: #009900">_</span>int<span style="color: #990000">,</span> <span style="color: #990000">[</span>ty<span style="color: #009900">_</span>int<span style="color: #990000">,</span> ty<span style="color: #009900">_</span>int<span style="color: #990000">])</span>
f<span style="color: #009900">_</span>sum <span style="color: #990000">=</span> my<span style="color: #009900">_</span>module<span style="color: #990000">.</span><span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #000000">add_function</span></span><span style="color: #990000">(</span>ty<span style="color: #009900">_</span>func<span style="color: #990000">,</span> <span style="color: #FF0000">"sum"</span><span style="color: #990000">)</span>
f<span style="color: #009900">_</span>sum<span style="color: #990000">.</span>args<span style="color: #990000">[</span><span style="color: #993399">0</span><span style="color: #990000">].</span>name <span style="color: #990000">=</span> <span style="color: #FF0000">"a"</span>
f<span style="color: #009900">_</span>sum<span style="color: #990000">.</span>args<span style="color: #990000">[</span><span style="color: #993399">1</span><span style="color: #990000">].</span>name <span style="color: #990000">=</span> <span style="color: #FF0000">"b"</span>
bb <span style="color: #990000">=</span> f<span style="color: #009900">_</span>sum<span style="color: #990000">.</span><span style="color: #000000">append_basic_block</span><span style="color: #990000">(</span><span style="color: #FF0000">"entry"</span><span style="color: #990000">)</span>
builder <span style="color: #990000">=</span> <span style="color: #009900">Builder</span><span style="color: #990000">.</span><span style="color: #000000">new</span><span style="color: #990000">(</span>bb<span style="color: #990000">)</span>
tmp <span style="color: #990000">=</span> builder<span style="color: #990000">.</span><span style="color: #000000">add</span><span style="color: #990000">(</span>f<span style="color: #009900">_</span>sum<span style="color: #990000">.</span>args<span style="color: #990000">[</span><span style="color: #993399">0</span><span style="color: #990000">],</span> f<span style="color: #009900">_</span>sum<span style="color: #990000">.</span>args<span style="color: #990000">[</span><span style="color: #993399">1</span><span style="color: #990000">],</span> <span style="color: #FF0000">"tmp"</span><span style="color: #990000">)</span>
builder<span style="color: #990000">.</span><span style="color: #000000">ret</span><span style="color: #990000">(</span>tmp<span style="color: #990000">)</span>
bb <span style="color: #990000">=</span> f<span style="color: #009900">_</span>sum<span style="color: #990000">.</span><span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #000000">append_basic_block</span></span><span style="color: #990000">(</span><span style="color: #FF0000">"entry"</span><span style="color: #990000">)</span>
builder <span style="color: #990000">=</span> <span style="color: #009900">Builder</span><span style="color: #990000">.</span><span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #000000">new</span></span><span style="color: #990000">(</span>bb<span style="color: #990000">)</span>
tmp <span style="color: #990000">=</span> builder<span style="color: #990000">.</span><span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #000000">add</span></span><span style="color: #990000">(</span>f<span style="color: #009900">_</span>sum<span style="color: #990000">.</span>args<span style="color: #990000">[</span><span style="color: #993399">0</span><span style="color: #990000">],</span> f<span style="color: #009900">_</span>sum<span style="color: #990000">.</span>args<span style="color: #990000">[</span><span style="color: #993399">1</span><span style="color: #990000">],</span> <span style="color: #FF0000">"tmp"</span><span style="color: #990000">)</span>
builder<span style="color: #990000">.</span><span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #000000">ret</span></span><span style="color: #990000">(</span>tmp<span style="color: #990000">)</span>
<span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900"># Create a module provider object first. Modules can come from</span></span>
<span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900"># in-memory IRs like what we created now, or from bitcode (.bc)</span></span>
<span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900"># files. The module provider abstracts this detail.</span></span>
mp <span style="color: #990000">=</span> <span style="color: #009900">ModuleProvider</span><span style="color: #990000">.</span><span style="color: #000000">new</span><span style="color: #990000">(</span>my<span style="color: #009900">_</span>module<span style="color: #990000">)</span>
mp <span style="color: #990000">=</span> <span style="color: #009900">ModuleProvider</span><span style="color: #990000">.</span><span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #000000">new</span></span><span style="color: #990000">(</span>my<span style="color: #009900">_</span>module<span style="color: #990000">)</span>
<span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900"># Create an execution engine object. This will create a JIT compiler</span></span>
<span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900"># on platforms that support it, or an interpreter otherwise.</span></span>
ee <span style="color: #990000">=</span> <span style="color: #009900">ExecutionEngine</span><span style="color: #990000">.</span><span style="color: #000000">new</span><span style="color: #990000">(</span>mp<span style="color: #990000">)</span>
ee <span style="color: #990000">=</span> <span style="color: #009900">ExecutionEngine</span><span style="color: #990000">.</span><span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #000000">new</span></span><span style="color: #990000">(</span>mp<span style="color: #990000">)</span>
<span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900"># The arguments needs to be passed as "GenericValue" objects.</span></span>
arg1 <span style="color: #990000">=</span> <span style="color: #009900">GenericValue</span><span style="color: #990000">.</span><span style="color: #000000">int</span><span style="color: #990000">(</span>ty<span style="color: #009900">_</span>int<span style="color: #990000">,</span> <span style="color: #993399">100</span><span style="color: #990000">)</span>
arg2 <span style="color: #990000">=</span> <span style="color: #009900">GenericValue</span><span style="color: #990000">.</span><span style="color: #000000">int</span><span style="color: #990000">(</span>ty<span style="color: #009900">_</span>int<span style="color: #990000">,</span> <span style="color: #993399">42</span><span style="color: #990000">)</span>
arg1 <span style="color: #990000">=</span> <span style="color: #009900">GenericValue</span><span style="color: #990000">.</span><span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #000000">int</span></span><span style="color: #990000">(</span>ty<span style="color: #009900">_</span>int<span style="color: #990000">,</span> <span style="color: #993399">100</span><span style="color: #990000">)</span>
arg2 <span style="color: #990000">=</span> <span style="color: #009900">GenericValue</span><span style="color: #990000">.</span><span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #000000">int</span></span><span style="color: #990000">(</span>ty<span style="color: #009900">_</span>int<span style="color: #990000">,</span> <span style="color: #993399">42</span><span style="color: #990000">)</span>
<span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900"># Now let's compile and run!</span></span>
retval <span style="color: #990000">=</span> ee<span style="color: #990000">.</span><span style="color: #000000">run_function</span><span style="color: #990000">(</span>f<span style="color: #009900">_</span>sum<span style="color: #990000">,</span> <span style="color: #990000">[</span>arg1<span style="color: #990000">,</span> arg2<span style="color: #990000">])</span>
retval <span style="color: #990000">=</span> ee<span style="color: #990000">.</span><span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #000000">run_function</span></span><span style="color: #990000">(</span>f<span style="color: #009900">_</span>sum<span style="color: #990000">,</span> <span style="color: #990000">[</span>arg1<span style="color: #990000">,</span> arg2<span style="color: #990000">])</span>
<span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900"># The return value is also GenericValue. Let's print it.</span></span>
<span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">print</span></span> <span style="color: #FF0000">"returned"</span><span style="color: #990000">,</span> retval<span style="color: #990000">.</span><span style="color: #000000">as_int</span><span style="color: #990000">()</span>
<span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">print</span></span> <span style="color: #FF0000">"returned"</span><span style="color: #990000">,</span> retval<span style="color: #990000">.</span><span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #000000">as_int</span></span><span style="color: #990000">()</span>
</tt></pre></div></div>
<p>And here's the output:</p>
<div class="listingblock">
@ -171,14 +171,14 @@ the corresponding Python code using llvm-py:</p>
<p>
A First Function
<a href="http://www.llvm.org/docs/tutorial/JITTutorial1.html">LLVM</a>
<a href="examples/JITTutorial1.py">llvm-py</a>
<a href="examples/JITTutorial1.html">llvm-py</a>
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
A More Complicated Function
<a href="http://www.llvm.org/docs/tutorial/JITTutorial2.html">LLVM</a>
<a href="examples/JITTutorial2.py">llvm-py</a>
<a href="examples/JITTutorial2.html">llvm-py</a>
</p>
</li>
</ol>
@ -228,7 +228,7 @@ Conclusion and other useful LLVM tidbits (TODO)
<div id="footer">
<div id="footer-text">
Web pages &copy; Mahadevan R. Generated with <a href="http://www.methods.co.nz/asciidoc/">asciidoc</a>.
Last updated 05-Jul-2008.
Last updated 22-Jul-2008.
</div>
</div>
</div>

31
www/web/examples/JITTutorial1.py
View file

@ -1,31 +0,0 @@
#!/usr/bin/env python
from llvm.core import *
# create a module
module = Module.new ("tut1")
# create a function type taking 3 32-bit integers, return a 32-bit integer
ty_int = Type.int (32)
func_type = Type.function (ty_int, (ty_int,)*3)
# create a function of that type
mul_add = Function.new (module, func_type, "mul_add")
mul_add.calling_convention = CC_C
x = mul_add.args[0]; x.name = "x"
y = mul_add.args[1]; y.name = "y"
z = mul_add.args[2]; z.name = "z"
# implement the function
# new block
blk = mul_add.append_basic_block ("entry")
# IR builder
bldr = Builder.new (blk)
tmp_1 = bldr.mul (x, y, "tmp_1")
tmp_2 = bldr.add (tmp_1, z, "tmp_2")
bldr.ret (tmp_2)
print module

50
www/web/examples/JITTutorial2.py
View file

@ -1,50 +0,0 @@
#!/usr/bin/env python
from llvm.core import *
# create a module
module = Module.new ("tut2")
# create a function type taking 2 integers, return a 32-bit integer
ty_int = Type.int (32)
func_type = Type.function (ty_int, (ty_int, ty_int))
# create a function of that type
gcd = Function.new (module, func_type, "gcd")
# name function args
x = gcd.args[0]; x.name = "x"
y = gcd.args[1]; y.name = "y"
# implement the function
# blocks...
entry = gcd.append_basic_block ("entry")
ret = gcd.append_basic_block ("return")
cond_false = gcd.append_basic_block ("cond_false")
cond_true = gcd.append_basic_block ("cond_true")
cond_false_2 = gcd.append_basic_block ("cond_false_2")
# create a llvm::IRBuilder
bldr = Builder.new (entry)
x_eq_y = bldr.icmp (IPRED_EQ, x, y, "tmp")
bldr.cbranch (x_eq_y, ret, cond_false)
bldr.position_at_end (ret)
bldr.ret(x)
bldr.position_at_end (cond_false)
x_lt_y = bldr.icmp (IPRED_ULT, x, y, "tmp")
bldr.cbranch (x_lt_y, cond_true, cond_false_2)
bldr.position_at_end (cond_true)
y_sub_x = bldr.sub (y, x, "tmp")
recur_1 = bldr.call (gcd, (x, y_sub_x,), "tmp")
bldr.ret (recur_1)
bldr.position_at_end (cond_false_2)
x_sub_y = bldr.sub (x, y, "x_sub_y")
recur_2 = bldr.call (gcd, (x_sub_y, y,), "tmp")
bldr.ret (recur_2)
print module

2
www/web/index.html
View file

@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ minimal changes, if any.</p>
<div id="footer">
<div id="footer-text">
Web pages &copy; Mahadevan R. Generated with <a href="http://www.methods.co.nz/asciidoc/">asciidoc</a>.
Last updated 06-Jul-2008.
Last updated 21-Jul-2008.
</div>
</div>
</div>

2
www/web/license.html
View file

@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.</tt></pre>
<div id="footer">
<div id="footer-text">
Web pages &copy; Mahadevan R. Generated with <a href="http://www.methods.co.nz/asciidoc/">asciidoc</a>.
Last updated 05-Jul-2008.
Last updated 21-Jul-2008.
</div>
</div>
</div>

112
www/web/userguide.html
View file

@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ window.onload = function(){generateToc(2)}
<img src="./images/icons/note.png" alt="Note" />
</td>
<td class="content">
<p>This document is updated frequently (last updated on 05-Jul-2008).
<p>This document is updated frequently (last updated on 21-Jul-2008).
Check back often.</p>
</td>
</tr></table>
@ -301,12 +301,12 @@ by Lorenzo Bettini
http://www.lorenzobettini.it
http://www.gnu.org/software/src-highlite -->
<pre><tt><span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900">/* compute sum of 1..n */</span></span>
<span style="color: #009900">unsigned</span> <span style="color: #000000">sum</span><span style="color: #990000">(</span><span style="color: #009900">unsigned</span> n<span style="color: #990000">)</span>
<span style="color: #009900">unsigned</span> <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #000000">sum</span></span><span style="color: #990000">(</span><span style="color: #009900">unsigned</span> n<span style="color: #990000">)</span>
<span style="color: #FF0000">{</span>
<span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">if</span></span> <span style="color: #990000">(</span>n <span style="color: #990000">==</span> <span style="color: #993399">0</span><span style="color: #990000">)</span>
<span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">return</span></span> <span style="color: #993399">0</span><span style="color: #990000">;</span>
<span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">else</span></span>
<span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">return</span></span> n <span style="color: #990000">+</span> <span style="color: #000000">sum</span><span style="color: #990000">(</span>n<span style="color: #990000">-</span><span style="color: #993399">1</span><span style="color: #990000">);</span>
<span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">return</span></span> n <span style="color: #990000">+</span> <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #000000">sum</span></span><span style="color: #990000">(</span>n<span style="color: #990000">-</span><span style="color: #993399">1</span><span style="color: #990000">);</span>
<span style="color: #FF0000">}</span>
</tt></pre></div></div>
<p>The corresponding LLVM assembly:</p>
@ -758,7 +758,7 @@ http://www.gnu.org/software/src-highlite -->
<span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #000080">from</span></span> llvm<span style="color: #990000">.</span>core <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #000080">import</span></span> <span style="color: #990000">*</span>
<span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900"># create a module</span></span>
my<span style="color: #009900">_</span>module <span style="color: #990000">=</span> <span style="color: #009900">Module</span><span style="color: #990000">.</span><span style="color: #000000">new</span><span style="color: #990000">(</span><span style="color: #FF0000">'my_module'</span><span style="color: #990000">)</span>
my<span style="color: #009900">_</span>module <span style="color: #990000">=</span> <span style="color: #009900">Module</span><span style="color: #990000">.</span><span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #000000">new</span></span><span style="color: #990000">(</span><span style="color: #FF0000">'my_module'</span><span style="color: #990000">)</span>
</tt></pre></div></div>
<p>The constructor of the Module class should <em>not</em> be used to instantiate
a Module object. This is a common feature for all llvm-py classes.</p>
@ -1292,8 +1292,8 @@ http://www.gnu.org/software/src-highlite -->
by Lorenzo Bettini
http://www.lorenzobettini.it
http://www.gnu.org/software/src-highlite -->
<pre><tt><span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">assert</span></span> <span style="color: #009900">Type</span><span style="color: #990000">.</span><span style="color: #000000">int</span><span style="color: #990000">().</span>kind <span style="color: #990000">==</span> <span style="color: #009900">TYPE_INTEGER</span>
<span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">assert</span></span> <span style="color: #009900">Type</span><span style="color: #990000">.</span><span style="color: #000000">void</span><span style="color: #990000">().</span>kind <span style="color: #990000">==</span> <span style="color: #009900">TYPE_VOID</span>
<pre><tt><span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">assert</span></span> <span style="color: #009900">Type</span><span style="color: #990000">.</span><span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #000000">int</span></span><span style="color: #990000">().</span>kind <span style="color: #990000">==</span> <span style="color: #009900">TYPE_INTEGER</span>
<span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">assert</span></span> <span style="color: #009900">Type</span><span style="color: #990000">.</span><span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #000000">void</span></span><span style="color: #990000">().</span>kind <span style="color: #990000">==</span> <span style="color: #009900">TYPE_VOID</span>
</tt></pre></div></div>
</dd>
</dl>
@ -1392,11 +1392,11 @@ http://www.gnu.org/software/src-highlite -->
by Lorenzo Bettini
http://www.lorenzobettini.it
http://www.gnu.org/software/src-highlite -->
<pre><tt>func<span style="color: #009900">_</span>type <span style="color: #990000">=</span> <span style="color: #009900">Type</span><span style="color: #990000">.</span><span style="color: #000000">function</span><span style="color: #990000">(</span> <span style="color: #009900">Type</span><span style="color: #990000">.</span><span style="color: #000000">int</span><span style="color: #990000">(),</span> <span style="color: #990000">[</span> <span style="color: #009900">Type</span><span style="color: #990000">.</span><span style="color: #000000">int</span><span style="color: #990000">(),</span> <span style="color: #009900">Type</span><span style="color: #990000">.</span><span style="color: #000000">int</span><span style="color: #990000">()</span> <span style="color: #990000">]</span> <span style="color: #990000">)</span>
<pre><tt>func<span style="color: #009900">_</span>type <span style="color: #990000">=</span> <span style="color: #009900">Type</span><span style="color: #990000">.</span><span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #000000">function</span></span><span style="color: #990000">(</span> <span style="color: #009900">Type</span><span style="color: #990000">.</span><span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #000000">int</span></span><span style="color: #990000">(),</span> <span style="color: #990000">[</span> <span style="color: #009900">Type</span><span style="color: #990000">.</span><span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #000000">int</span></span><span style="color: #990000">(),</span> <span style="color: #009900">Type</span><span style="color: #990000">.</span><span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #000000">int</span></span><span style="color: #990000">()</span> <span style="color: #990000">]</span> <span style="color: #990000">)</span>
<span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">for</span></span> arg <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">in</span></span> func<span style="color: #009900">_</span>type<span style="color: #990000">.</span>args<span style="color: #990000">:</span>
<span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">assert</span></span> arg<span style="color: #990000">.</span>kind <span style="color: #990000">==</span> <span style="color: #009900">TYPE_INTEGER</span>
<span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">assert</span></span> arg <span style="color: #990000">==</span> <span style="color: #009900">Type</span><span style="color: #990000">.</span><span style="color: #000000">int</span><span style="color: #990000">()</span>
<span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">assert</span></span> func<span style="color: #009900">_</span>type<span style="color: #990000">.</span>arg<span style="color: #009900">_</span>count <span style="color: #990000">==</span> <span style="color: #000000">len</span><span style="color: #990000">(</span>func<span style="color: #009900">_</span>type<span style="color: #990000">.</span>args<span style="color: #990000">)</span>
<span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">assert</span></span> arg <span style="color: #990000">==</span> <span style="color: #009900">Type</span><span style="color: #990000">.</span><span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #000000">int</span></span><span style="color: #990000">()</span>
<span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">assert</span></span> func<span style="color: #009900">_</span>type<span style="color: #990000">.</span>arg<span style="color: #009900">_</span>count <span style="color: #990000">==</span> <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #000000">len</span></span><span style="color: #990000">(</span>func<span style="color: #009900">_</span>type<span style="color: #990000">.</span>args<span style="color: #990000">)</span>
</tt></pre></div></div>
</dd>
<dt>
@ -1442,11 +1442,11 @@ http://www.gnu.org/software/src-highlite -->
by Lorenzo Bettini
http://www.lorenzobettini.it
http://www.gnu.org/software/src-highlite -->
<pre><tt>struct<span style="color: #009900">_</span>type <span style="color: #990000">=</span> <span style="color: #009900">Type</span><span style="color: #990000">.</span><span style="color: #000000">struct</span><span style="color: #990000">(</span> <span style="color: #990000">[</span> <span style="color: #009900">Type</span><span style="color: #990000">.</span><span style="color: #000000">int</span><span style="color: #990000">(),</span> <span style="color: #009900">Type</span><span style="color: #990000">.</span><span style="color: #000000">int</span><span style="color: #990000">()</span> <span style="color: #990000">]</span> <span style="color: #990000">)</span>
<pre><tt>struct<span style="color: #009900">_</span>type <span style="color: #990000">=</span> <span style="color: #009900">Type</span><span style="color: #990000">.</span><span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #000000">struct</span></span><span style="color: #990000">(</span> <span style="color: #990000">[</span> <span style="color: #009900">Type</span><span style="color: #990000">.</span><span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #000000">int</span></span><span style="color: #990000">(),</span> <span style="color: #009900">Type</span><span style="color: #990000">.</span><span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #000000">int</span></span><span style="color: #990000">()</span> <span style="color: #990000">]</span> <span style="color: #990000">)</span>
<span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">for</span></span> elem <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">in</span></span> struct<span style="color: #009900">_</span>type<span style="color: #990000">.</span>elements<span style="color: #990000">:</span>
<span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">assert</span></span> elem<span style="color: #990000">.</span>kind <span style="color: #990000">==</span> <span style="color: #009900">TYPE_INTEGER</span>
<span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">assert</span></span> elem <span style="color: #990000">==</span> <span style="color: #009900">Type</span><span style="color: #990000">.</span><span style="color: #000000">int</span><span style="color: #990000">()</span>
<span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">assert</span></span> struct<span style="color: #009900">_</span>type<span style="color: #990000">.</span>element<span style="color: #009900">_</span>count <span style="color: #990000">==</span> <span style="color: #000000">len</span><span style="color: #990000">(</span>struct<span style="color: #009900">_</span>type<span style="color: #990000">.</span>elements<span style="color: #990000">)</span>
<span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">assert</span></span> elem <span style="color: #990000">==</span> <span style="color: #009900">Type</span><span style="color: #990000">.</span><span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #000000">int</span></span><span style="color: #990000">()</span>
<span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">assert</span></span> struct<span style="color: #009900">_</span>type<span style="color: #990000">.</span>element<span style="color: #009900">_</span>count <span style="color: #990000">==</span> <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #000000">len</span></span><span style="color: #990000">(</span>struct<span style="color: #009900">_</span>type<span style="color: #990000">.</span>elements<span style="color: #990000">)</span>
</tt></pre></div></div>
</dd>
<dt>
@ -1555,35 +1555,35 @@ http://www.gnu.org/software/src-highlite -->
<pre><tt><span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900">#!/usr/bin/env python</span></span>
<span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900"># integers</span></span>
int<span style="color: #009900">_</span>ty <span style="color: #990000">=</span> <span style="color: #009900">Type</span><span style="color: #990000">.</span><span style="color: #000000">int</span><span style="color: #990000">()</span>
bool<span style="color: #009900">_</span>ty <span style="color: #990000">=</span> <span style="color: #009900">Type</span><span style="color: #990000">.</span><span style="color: #000000">int</span><span style="color: #990000">(</span><span style="color: #993399">1</span><span style="color: #990000">)</span>
int<span style="color: #009900">_</span>64bit <span style="color: #990000">=</span> <span style="color: #009900">Type</span><span style="color: #990000">.</span><span style="color: #000000">int</span><span style="color: #990000">(</span><span style="color: #993399">64</span><span style="color: #990000">)</span>
int<span style="color: #009900">_</span>ty <span style="color: #990000">=</span> <span style="color: #009900">Type</span><span style="color: #990000">.</span><span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #000000">int</span></span><span style="color: #990000">()</span>
bool<span style="color: #009900">_</span>ty <span style="color: #990000">=</span> <span style="color: #009900">Type</span><span style="color: #990000">.</span><span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #000000">int</span></span><span style="color: #990000">(</span><span style="color: #993399">1</span><span style="color: #990000">)</span>
int<span style="color: #009900">_</span>64bit <span style="color: #990000">=</span> <span style="color: #009900">Type</span><span style="color: #990000">.</span><span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #000000">int</span></span><span style="color: #990000">(</span><span style="color: #993399">64</span><span style="color: #990000">)</span>
<span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900"># floats</span></span>
sprec<span style="color: #009900">_</span>real <span style="color: #990000">=</span> <span style="color: #009900">Type</span><span style="color: #990000">.</span><span style="color: #000000">float</span><span style="color: #990000">()</span>
dprec<span style="color: #009900">_</span>real <span style="color: #990000">=</span> <span style="color: #009900">Type</span><span style="color: #990000">.</span><span style="color: #000000">double</span><span style="color: #990000">()</span>
sprec<span style="color: #009900">_</span>real <span style="color: #990000">=</span> <span style="color: #009900">Type</span><span style="color: #990000">.</span><span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #000000">float</span></span><span style="color: #990000">()</span>
dprec<span style="color: #009900">_</span>real <span style="color: #990000">=</span> <span style="color: #009900">Type</span><span style="color: #990000">.</span><span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #000000">double</span></span><span style="color: #990000">()</span>
<span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900"># arrays and vectors</span></span>
intar<span style="color: #009900">_</span>ty <span style="color: #990000">=</span> <span style="color: #009900">Type</span><span style="color: #990000">.</span><span style="color: #000000">array</span><span style="color: #990000">(</span> int<span style="color: #009900">_</span>ty<span style="color: #990000">,</span> <span style="color: #993399">10</span> <span style="color: #990000">)</span> <span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900"># "typedef int intar_ty[10];"</span></span>
twodim <span style="color: #990000">=</span> <span style="color: #009900">Type</span><span style="color: #990000">.</span><span style="color: #000000">array</span><span style="color: #990000">(</span> intar<span style="color: #009900">_</span>ty <span style="color: #990000">,</span> <span style="color: #993399">10</span> <span style="color: #990000">)</span> <span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900"># "typedef int twodim[10][10];"</span></span>
vec <span style="color: #990000">=</span> <span style="color: #009900">Type</span><span style="color: #990000">.</span><span style="color: #000000">array</span><span style="color: #990000">(</span> int<span style="color: #009900">_</span>ty<span style="color: #990000">,</span> <span style="color: #993399">10</span> <span style="color: #990000">)</span>
intar<span style="color: #009900">_</span>ty <span style="color: #990000">=</span> <span style="color: #009900">Type</span><span style="color: #990000">.</span><span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #000000">array</span></span><span style="color: #990000">(</span> int<span style="color: #009900">_</span>ty<span style="color: #990000">,</span> <span style="color: #993399">10</span> <span style="color: #990000">)</span> <span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900"># "typedef int intar_ty[10];"</span></span>
twodim <span style="color: #990000">=</span> <span style="color: #009900">Type</span><span style="color: #990000">.</span><span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #000000">array</span></span><span style="color: #990000">(</span> intar<span style="color: #009900">_</span>ty <span style="color: #990000">,</span> <span style="color: #993399">10</span> <span style="color: #990000">)</span> <span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900"># "typedef int twodim[10][10];"</span></span>
vec <span style="color: #990000">=</span> <span style="color: #009900">Type</span><span style="color: #990000">.</span><span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #000000">array</span></span><span style="color: #990000">(</span> int<span style="color: #009900">_</span>ty<span style="color: #990000">,</span> <span style="color: #993399">10</span> <span style="color: #990000">)</span>
<span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900"># structures</span></span>
s1<span style="color: #009900">_</span>ty <span style="color: #990000">=</span> <span style="color: #009900">Type</span><span style="color: #990000">.</span><span style="color: #000000">struct</span><span style="color: #990000">(</span> <span style="color: #990000">[</span> int<span style="color: #009900">_</span>ty<span style="color: #990000">,</span> sprec<span style="color: #009900">_</span>real <span style="color: #990000">]</span> <span style="color: #990000">)</span>
s1<span style="color: #009900">_</span>ty <span style="color: #990000">=</span> <span style="color: #009900">Type</span><span style="color: #990000">.</span><span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #000000">struct</span></span><span style="color: #990000">(</span> <span style="color: #990000">[</span> int<span style="color: #009900">_</span>ty<span style="color: #990000">,</span> sprec<span style="color: #009900">_</span>real <span style="color: #990000">]</span> <span style="color: #990000">)</span>
<span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900"># "struct s1_ty { int v1; float v2; };"</span></span>
<span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900"># pointers</span></span>
intptr<span style="color: #009900">_</span>ty <span style="color: #990000">=</span> <span style="color: #009900">Type</span><span style="color: #990000">.</span><span style="color: #000000">pointer</span><span style="color: #990000">(</span>int<span style="color: #009900">_</span>ty<span style="color: #990000">)</span> <span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900"># "typedef int *intptr_ty;"</span></span>
intptr<span style="color: #009900">_</span>ty <span style="color: #990000">=</span> <span style="color: #009900">Type</span><span style="color: #990000">.</span><span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #000000">pointer</span></span><span style="color: #990000">(</span>int<span style="color: #009900">_</span>ty<span style="color: #990000">)</span> <span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900"># "typedef int *intptr_ty;"</span></span>
<span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900"># functions</span></span>
f1 <span style="color: #990000">=</span> <span style="color: #009900">Type</span><span style="color: #990000">.</span><span style="color: #000000">function</span><span style="color: #990000">(</span> int<span style="color: #009900">_</span>ty<span style="color: #990000">,</span> <span style="color: #990000">[</span> int<span style="color: #009900">_</span>ty <span style="color: #990000">]</span> <span style="color: #990000">)</span>
f1 <span style="color: #990000">=</span> <span style="color: #009900">Type</span><span style="color: #990000">.</span><span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #000000">function</span></span><span style="color: #990000">(</span> int<span style="color: #009900">_</span>ty<span style="color: #990000">,</span> <span style="color: #990000">[</span> int<span style="color: #009900">_</span>ty <span style="color: #990000">]</span> <span style="color: #990000">)</span>
<span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900"># functions that take 1 int_ty and return 1 int_ty</span></span>
f2 <span style="color: #990000">=</span> <span style="color: #009900">Type</span><span style="color: #990000">.</span><span style="color: #000000">function</span><span style="color: #990000">(</span> <span style="color: #009900">Type</span><span style="color: #990000">.</span><span style="color: #000000">void</span><span style="color: #990000">(),</span> <span style="color: #990000">[</span> int<span style="color: #009900">_</span>ty <span style="color: #990000">]</span> <span style="color: #990000">)</span>
f2 <span style="color: #990000">=</span> <span style="color: #009900">Type</span><span style="color: #990000">.</span><span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #000000">function</span></span><span style="color: #990000">(</span> <span style="color: #009900">Type</span><span style="color: #990000">.</span><span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #000000">void</span></span><span style="color: #990000">(),</span> <span style="color: #990000">[</span> int<span style="color: #009900">_</span>ty <span style="color: #990000">]</span> <span style="color: #990000">)</span>
<span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900"># functions that take 1 int_ty and return nothing</span></span>
fnargs <span style="color: #990000">=</span> <span style="color: #990000">[</span> <span style="color: #009900">Type</span><span style="color: #990000">.</span><span style="color: #000000">pointer</span><span style="color: #990000">(</span> <span style="color: #009900">Type</span><span style="color: #990000">.</span><span style="color: #000000">int</span><span style="color: #990000">(</span><span style="color: #993399">8</span><span style="color: #990000">)</span> <span style="color: #990000">)</span> <span style="color: #990000">]</span>
printf <span style="color: #990000">=</span> <span style="color: #009900">Type</span><span style="color: #990000">.</span><span style="color: #000000">function</span><span style="color: #990000">(</span> <span style="color: #009900">Type</span><span style="color: #990000">.</span><span style="color: #000000">int</span><span style="color: #990000">(),</span> fnargs<span style="color: #990000">,</span> <span style="color: #009900">True</span> <span style="color: #990000">)</span>
fnargs <span style="color: #990000">=</span> <span style="color: #990000">[</span> <span style="color: #009900">Type</span><span style="color: #990000">.</span><span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #000000">pointer</span></span><span style="color: #990000">(</span> <span style="color: #009900">Type</span><span style="color: #990000">.</span><span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #000000">int</span></span><span style="color: #990000">(</span><span style="color: #993399">8</span><span style="color: #990000">)</span> <span style="color: #990000">)</span> <span style="color: #990000">]</span>
printf <span style="color: #990000">=</span> <span style="color: #009900">Type</span><span style="color: #990000">.</span><span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #000000">function</span></span><span style="color: #990000">(</span> <span style="color: #009900">Type</span><span style="color: #990000">.</span><span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #000000">int</span></span><span style="color: #990000">(),</span> fnargs<span style="color: #990000">,</span> <span style="color: #009900">True</span> <span style="color: #990000">)</span>
<span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900"># variadic function</span></span>
</tt></pre></div></div>
<h3>Values (llvm.core)</h3>
@ -1673,15 +1673,15 @@ http://www.lorenzobettini.it
http://www.gnu.org/software/src-highlite -->
<pre><tt><span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900">#!/usr/bin/env python</span></span>
ti <span style="color: #990000">=</span> <span style="color: #009900">Type</span><span style="color: #990000">.</span><span style="color: #000000">int</span><span style="color: #990000">()</span> <span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900"># a 32-bit int type</span></span>
ti <span style="color: #990000">=</span> <span style="color: #009900">Type</span><span style="color: #990000">.</span><span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #000000">int</span></span><span style="color: #990000">()</span> <span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900"># a 32-bit int type</span></span>
k1 <span style="color: #990000">=</span> <span style="color: #009900">Constant</span><span style="color: #990000">.</span><span style="color: #000000">int</span><span style="color: #990000">(</span>ti<span style="color: #990000">,</span> <span style="color: #993399">42</span><span style="color: #990000">)</span> <span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900"># "int k1 = 42;"</span></span>
k2 <span style="color: #990000">=</span> k1<span style="color: #990000">.</span><span style="color: #000000">add</span><span style="color: #990000">(</span> <span style="color: #009900">Constant</span><span style="color: #990000">.</span><span style="color: #000000">int</span><span style="color: #990000">(</span> ti<span style="color: #990000">,</span> <span style="color: #993399">10</span> <span style="color: #990000">)</span> <span style="color: #990000">)</span> <span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900"># "int k2 = k1 + 10;"</span></span>
k1 <span style="color: #990000">=</span> <span style="color: #009900">Constant</span><span style="color: #990000">.</span><span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #000000">int</span></span><span style="color: #990000">(</span>ti<span style="color: #990000">,</span> <span style="color: #993399">42</span><span style="color: #990000">)</span> <span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900"># "int k1 = 42;"</span></span>
k2 <span style="color: #990000">=</span> k1<span style="color: #990000">.</span><span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #000000">add</span></span><span style="color: #990000">(</span> <span style="color: #009900">Constant</span><span style="color: #990000">.</span><span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #000000">int</span></span><span style="color: #990000">(</span> ti<span style="color: #990000">,</span> <span style="color: #993399">10</span> <span style="color: #990000">)</span> <span style="color: #990000">)</span> <span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900"># "int k2 = k1 + 10;"</span></span>
tr <span style="color: #990000">=</span> <span style="color: #009900">Type</span><span style="color: #990000">.</span><span style="color: #000000">float</span><span style="color: #990000">()</span>
tr <span style="color: #990000">=</span> <span style="color: #009900">Type</span><span style="color: #990000">.</span><span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #000000">float</span></span><span style="color: #990000">()</span>
r1 <span style="color: #990000">=</span> <span style="color: #009900">Constant</span><span style="color: #990000">.</span><span style="color: #000000">real</span><span style="color: #990000">(</span>tr<span style="color: #990000">,</span> <span style="color: #FF0000">"3.141592"</span><span style="color: #990000">)</span> <span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900"># create from a string</span></span>
r2 <span style="color: #990000">=</span> <span style="color: #009900">Constant</span><span style="color: #990000">.</span><span style="color: #000000">real</span><span style="color: #990000">(</span>tr<span style="color: #990000">,</span> <span style="color: #993399">1.61803399</span><span style="color: #990000">)</span> <span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900"># create from a Python float</span></span>
r1 <span style="color: #990000">=</span> <span style="color: #009900">Constant</span><span style="color: #990000">.</span><span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #000000">real</span></span><span style="color: #990000">(</span>tr<span style="color: #990000">,</span> <span style="color: #FF0000">"3.141592"</span><span style="color: #990000">)</span> <span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900"># create from a string</span></span>
r2 <span style="color: #990000">=</span> <span style="color: #009900">Constant</span><span style="color: #990000">.</span><span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #000000">real</span></span><span style="color: #990000">(</span>tr<span style="color: #990000">,</span> <span style="color: #993399">1.61803399</span><span style="color: #990000">)</span> <span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900"># create from a Python float</span></span>
</tt></pre></div></div>
<p>The following constructors (static methods) can be used to create
constants:</p>
@ -2491,7 +2491,7 @@ to the <tt>C</tt> function:</p>
by Lorenzo Bettini
http://www.lorenzobettini.it
http://www.gnu.org/software/src-highlite -->
<pre><tt><span style="color: #009900">int</span> <span style="color: #000000">sum</span><span style="color: #990000">(</span><span style="color: #009900">int</span> a<span style="color: #990000">,</span> <span style="color: #009900">int</span> b<span style="color: #990000">)</span>
<pre><tt><span style="color: #009900">int</span> <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #000000">sum</span></span><span style="color: #990000">(</span><span style="color: #009900">int</span> a<span style="color: #990000">,</span> <span style="color: #009900">int</span> b<span style="color: #990000">)</span>
<span style="color: #FF0000">{</span>
<span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">return</span></span> a <span style="color: #990000">+</span> b<span style="color: #990000">;</span>
<span style="color: #FF0000">}</span>
@ -2509,20 +2509,20 @@ http://www.gnu.org/software/src-highlite -->
<span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #000080">from</span></span> llvm<span style="color: #990000">.</span>core <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #000080">import</span></span> <span style="color: #990000">*</span>
<span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900"># Create an (empty) module.</span></span>
my<span style="color: #009900">_</span>module <span style="color: #990000">=</span> <span style="color: #009900">Module</span><span style="color: #990000">.</span><span style="color: #000000">new</span><span style="color: #990000">(</span><span style="color: #FF0000">'my_module'</span><span style="color: #990000">)</span>
my<span style="color: #009900">_</span>module <span style="color: #990000">=</span> <span style="color: #009900">Module</span><span style="color: #990000">.</span><span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #000000">new</span></span><span style="color: #990000">(</span><span style="color: #FF0000">'my_module'</span><span style="color: #990000">)</span>
<span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900"># All the types involved here are "int"s. This type is represented</span></span>
<span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900"># by an object of the llvm.core.Type class:</span></span>
ty<span style="color: #009900">_</span>int <span style="color: #990000">=</span> <span style="color: #009900">Type</span><span style="color: #990000">.</span><span style="color: #000000">int</span><span style="color: #990000">()</span> <span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900"># by default 32 bits</span></span>
ty<span style="color: #009900">_</span>int <span style="color: #990000">=</span> <span style="color: #009900">Type</span><span style="color: #990000">.</span><span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #000000">int</span></span><span style="color: #990000">()</span> <span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900"># by default 32 bits</span></span>
<span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900"># We need to represent the class of functions that accept two integers</span></span>
<span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900"># and return an integer. This is represented by an object of the</span></span>
<span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900"># function type (llvm.core.FunctionType):</span></span>
ty<span style="color: #009900">_</span>func <span style="color: #990000">=</span> <span style="color: #009900">Type</span><span style="color: #990000">.</span><span style="color: #000000">function</span><span style="color: #990000">(</span>ty<span style="color: #009900">_</span>int<span style="color: #990000">,</span> <span style="color: #990000">[</span>ty<span style="color: #009900">_</span>int<span style="color: #990000">,</span> ty<span style="color: #009900">_</span>int<span style="color: #990000">])</span>
ty<span style="color: #009900">_</span>func <span style="color: #990000">=</span> <span style="color: #009900">Type</span><span style="color: #990000">.</span><span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #000000">function</span></span><span style="color: #990000">(</span>ty<span style="color: #009900">_</span>int<span style="color: #990000">,</span> <span style="color: #990000">[</span>ty<span style="color: #009900">_</span>int<span style="color: #990000">,</span> ty<span style="color: #009900">_</span>int<span style="color: #990000">])</span>
<span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900"># Now we need a function named 'sum' of this type. Functions are not</span></span>
<span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900"># free-standing (in llvm-py); it needs to be contained in a module.</span></span>
f<span style="color: #009900">_</span>sum <span style="color: #990000">=</span> my<span style="color: #009900">_</span>module<span style="color: #990000">.</span><span style="color: #000000">add_function</span><span style="color: #990000">(</span>ty<span style="color: #009900">_</span>func<span style="color: #990000">,</span> <span style="color: #FF0000">"sum"</span><span style="color: #990000">)</span>
f<span style="color: #009900">_</span>sum <span style="color: #990000">=</span> my<span style="color: #009900">_</span>module<span style="color: #990000">.</span><span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #000000">add_function</span></span><span style="color: #990000">(</span>ty<span style="color: #009900">_</span>func<span style="color: #990000">,</span> <span style="color: #FF0000">"sum"</span><span style="color: #990000">)</span>
<span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900"># Let's name the function arguments as 'a' and 'b'.</span></span>
f<span style="color: #009900">_</span>sum<span style="color: #990000">.</span>args<span style="color: #990000">[</span><span style="color: #993399">0</span><span style="color: #990000">].</span>name <span style="color: #990000">=</span> <span style="color: #FF0000">"a"</span>
@ -2531,17 +2531,17 @@ f<span style="color: #009900">_</span>sum<span style="color: #990000">.</span>ar
<span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900"># Our function needs a "basic block" -- a set of instructions that</span></span>
<span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900"># end with a terminator (like return, branch etc.). By convention</span></span>
<span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900"># the first block is called "entry".</span></span>
bb <span style="color: #990000">=</span> f<span style="color: #009900">_</span>sum<span style="color: #990000">.</span><span style="color: #000000">append_basic_block</span><span style="color: #990000">(</span><span style="color: #FF0000">"entry"</span><span style="color: #990000">)</span>
bb <span style="color: #990000">=</span> f<span style="color: #009900">_</span>sum<span style="color: #990000">.</span><span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #000000">append_basic_block</span></span><span style="color: #990000">(</span><span style="color: #FF0000">"entry"</span><span style="color: #990000">)</span>
<span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900"># Let's add instructions into the block. For this, we need an</span></span>
<span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900"># instruction builder:</span></span>
builder <span style="color: #990000">=</span> <span style="color: #009900">Builder</span><span style="color: #990000">.</span><span style="color: #000000">new</span><span style="color: #990000">(</span>bb<span style="color: #990000">)</span>
builder <span style="color: #990000">=</span> <span style="color: #009900">Builder</span><span style="color: #990000">.</span><span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #000000">new</span></span><span style="color: #990000">(</span>bb<span style="color: #990000">)</span>
<span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900"># OK, now for the instructions themselves. We'll create an add</span></span>
<span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900"># instruction that returns the sum as a value, which we'll use</span></span>
<span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900"># a ret instruction to return.</span></span>
tmp <span style="color: #990000">=</span> builder<span style="color: #990000">.</span><span style="color: #000000">add</span><span style="color: #990000">(</span>f<span style="color: #009900">_</span>sum<span style="color: #990000">.</span>args<span style="color: #990000">[</span><span style="color: #993399">0</span><span style="color: #990000">],</span> f<span style="color: #009900">_</span>sum<span style="color: #990000">.</span>args<span style="color: #990000">[</span><span style="color: #993399">1</span><span style="color: #990000">],</span> <span style="color: #FF0000">"tmp"</span><span style="color: #990000">)</span>
builder<span style="color: #990000">.</span><span style="color: #000000">ret</span><span style="color: #990000">(</span>tmp<span style="color: #990000">)</span>
tmp <span style="color: #990000">=</span> builder<span style="color: #990000">.</span><span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #000000">add</span></span><span style="color: #990000">(</span>f<span style="color: #009900">_</span>sum<span style="color: #990000">.</span>args<span style="color: #990000">[</span><span style="color: #993399">0</span><span style="color: #990000">],</span> f<span style="color: #009900">_</span>sum<span style="color: #990000">.</span>args<span style="color: #990000">[</span><span style="color: #993399">1</span><span style="color: #990000">],</span> <span style="color: #FF0000">"tmp"</span><span style="color: #990000">)</span>
builder<span style="color: #990000">.</span><span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #000000">ret</span></span><span style="color: #990000">(</span>tmp<span style="color: #990000">)</span>
<span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900"># We've completed the definition now! Let's see the LLVM assembly</span></span>
<span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900"># language representation of what we've created:</span></span>
@ -2573,35 +2573,35 @@ http://www.gnu.org/software/src-highlite -->
<span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #000080">from</span></span> llvm<span style="color: #990000">.</span>ee <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #000080">import</span></span> <span style="color: #990000">*</span> <span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900"># new import: ee = Execution Engine</span></span>
<span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900"># Create a module, as in the previous example.</span></span>
my<span style="color: #009900">_</span>module <span style="color: #990000">=</span> <span style="color: #009900">Module</span><span style="color: #990000">.</span><span style="color: #000000">new</span><span style="color: #990000">(</span><span style="color: #FF0000">'my_module'</span><span style="color: #990000">)</span>
ty<span style="color: #009900">_</span>int <span style="color: #990000">=</span> <span style="color: #009900">Type</span><span style="color: #990000">.</span><span style="color: #000000">int</span><span style="color: #990000">()</span> <span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900"># by default 32 bits</span></span>
ty<span style="color: #009900">_</span>func <span style="color: #990000">=</span> <span style="color: #009900">Type</span><span style="color: #990000">.</span><span style="color: #000000">function</span><span style="color: #990000">(</span>ty<span style="color: #009900">_</span>int<span style="color: #990000">,</span> <span style="color: #990000">[</span>ty<span style="color: #009900">_</span>int<span style="color: #990000">,</span> ty<span style="color: #009900">_</span>int<span style="color: #990000">])</span>
f<span style="color: #009900">_</span>sum <span style="color: #990000">=</span> my<span style="color: #009900">_</span>module<span style="color: #990000">.</span><span style="color: #000000">add_function</span><span style="color: #990000">(</span>ty<span style="color: #009900">_</span>func<span style="color: #990000">,</span> <span style="color: #FF0000">"sum"</span><span style="color: #990000">)</span>
my<span style="color: #009900">_</span>module <span style="color: #990000">=</span> <span style="color: #009900">Module</span><span style="color: #990000">.</span><span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #000000">new</span></span><span style="color: #990000">(</span><span style="color: #FF0000">'my_module'</span><span style="color: #990000">)</span>
ty<span style="color: #009900">_</span>int <span style="color: #990000">=</span> <span style="color: #009900">Type</span><span style="color: #990000">.</span><span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #000000">int</span></span><span style="color: #990000">()</span> <span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900"># by default 32 bits</span></span>
ty<span style="color: #009900">_</span>func <span style="color: #990000">=</span> <span style="color: #009900">Type</span><span style="color: #990000">.</span><span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #000000">function</span></span><span style="color: #990000">(</span>ty<span style="color: #009900">_</span>int<span style="color: #990000">,</span> <span style="color: #990000">[</span>ty<span style="color: #009900">_</span>int<span style="color: #990000">,</span> ty<span style="color: #009900">_</span>int<span style="color: #990000">])</span>
f<span style="color: #009900">_</span>sum <span style="color: #990000">=</span> my<span style="color: #009900">_</span>module<span style="color: #990000">.</span><span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #000000">add_function</span></span><span style="color: #990000">(</span>ty<span style="color: #009900">_</span>func<span style="color: #990000">,</span> <span style="color: #FF0000">"sum"</span><span style="color: #990000">)</span>
f<span style="color: #009900">_</span>sum<span style="color: #990000">.</span>args<span style="color: #990000">[</span><span style="color: #993399">0</span><span style="color: #990000">].</span>name <span style="color: #990000">=</span> <span style="color: #FF0000">"a"</span>
f<span style="color: #009900">_</span>sum<span style="color: #990000">.</span>args<span style="color: #990000">[</span><span style="color: #993399">1</span><span style="color: #990000">].</span>name <span style="color: #990000">=</span> <span style="color: #FF0000">"b"</span>
bb <span style="color: #990000">=</span> f<span style="color: #009900">_</span>sum<span style="color: #990000">.</span><span style="color: #000000">append_basic_block</span><span style="color: #990000">(</span><span style="color: #FF0000">"entry"</span><span style="color: #990000">)</span>
builder <span style="color: #990000">=</span> <span style="color: #009900">Builder</span><span style="color: #990000">.</span><span style="color: #000000">new</span><span style="color: #990000">(</span>bb<span style="color: #990000">)</span>
tmp <span style="color: #990000">=</span> builder<span style="color: #990000">.</span><span style="color: #000000">add</span><span style="color: #990000">(</span>f<span style="color: #009900">_</span>sum<span style="color: #990000">.</span>args<span style="color: #990000">[</span><span style="color: #993399">0</span><span style="color: #990000">],</span> f<span style="color: #009900">_</span>sum<span style="color: #990000">.</span>args<span style="color: #990000">[</span><span style="color: #993399">1</span><span style="color: #990000">],</span> <span style="color: #FF0000">"tmp"</span><span style="color: #990000">)</span>
builder<span style="color: #990000">.</span><span style="color: #000000">ret</span><span style="color: #990000">(</span>tmp<span style="color: #990000">)</span>
bb <span style="color: #990000">=</span> f<span style="color: #009900">_</span>sum<span style="color: #990000">.</span><span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #000000">append_basic_block</span></span><span style="color: #990000">(</span><span style="color: #FF0000">"entry"</span><span style="color: #990000">)</span>
builder <span style="color: #990000">=</span> <span style="color: #009900">Builder</span><span style="color: #990000">.</span><span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #000000">new</span></span><span style="color: #990000">(</span>bb<span style="color: #990000">)</span>
tmp <span style="color: #990000">=</span> builder<span style="color: #990000">.</span><span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #000000">add</span></span><span style="color: #990000">(</span>f<span style="color: #009900">_</span>sum<span style="color: #990000">.</span>args<span style="color: #990000">[</span><span style="color: #993399">0</span><span style="color: #990000">],</span> f<span style="color: #009900">_</span>sum<span style="color: #990000">.</span>args<span style="color: #990000">[</span><span style="color: #993399">1</span><span style="color: #990000">],</span> <span style="color: #FF0000">"tmp"</span><span style="color: #990000">)</span>
builder<span style="color: #990000">.</span><span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #000000">ret</span></span><span style="color: #990000">(</span>tmp<span style="color: #990000">)</span>
<span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900"># Create a module provider object first. Modules can come from</span></span>
<span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900"># in-memory IRs like what we created now, or from bitcode (.bc)</span></span>
<span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900"># files. The module provider abstracts this detail.</span></span>
mp <span style="color: #990000">=</span> <span style="color: #009900">ModuleProvider</span><span style="color: #990000">.</span><span style="color: #000000">new</span><span style="color: #990000">(</span>my<span style="color: #009900">_</span>module<span style="color: #990000">)</span>
mp <span style="color: #990000">=</span> <span style="color: #009900">ModuleProvider</span><span style="color: #990000">.</span><span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #000000">new</span></span><span style="color: #990000">(</span>my<span style="color: #009900">_</span>module<span style="color: #990000">)</span>
<span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900"># Create an execution engine object. This will create a JIT compiler</span></span>
<span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900"># on platforms that support it, or an interpreter otherwise.</span></span>
ee <span style="color: #990000">=</span> <span style="color: #009900">ExecutionEngine</span><span style="color: #990000">.</span><span style="color: #000000">new</span><span style="color: #990000">(</span>mp<span style="color: #990000">)</span>
ee <span style="color: #990000">=</span> <span style="color: #009900">ExecutionEngine</span><span style="color: #990000">.</span><span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #000000">new</span></span><span style="color: #990000">(</span>mp<span style="color: #990000">)</span>
<span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900"># The arguments needs to be passed as "GenericValue" objects.</span></span>
arg1 <span style="color: #990000">=</span> <span style="color: #009900">GenericValue</span><span style="color: #990000">.</span><span style="color: #000000">int</span><span style="color: #990000">(</span>ty<span style="color: #009900">_</span>int<span style="color: #990000">,</span> <span style="color: #993399">100</span><span style="color: #990000">)</span>
arg2 <span style="color: #990000">=</span> <span style="color: #009900">GenericValue</span><span style="color: #990000">.</span><span style="color: #000000">int</span><span style="color: #990000">(</span>ty<span style="color: #009900">_</span>int<span style="color: #990000">,</span> <span style="color: #993399">42</span><span style="color: #990000">)</span>
arg1 <span style="color: #990000">=</span> <span style="color: #009900">GenericValue</span><span style="color: #990000">.</span><span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #000000">int</span></span><span style="color: #990000">(</span>ty<span style="color: #009900">_</span>int<span style="color: #990000">,</span> <span style="color: #993399">100</span><span style="color: #990000">)</span>
arg2 <span style="color: #990000">=</span> <span style="color: #009900">GenericValue</span><span style="color: #990000">.</span><span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #000000">int</span></span><span style="color: #990000">(</span>ty<span style="color: #009900">_</span>int<span style="color: #990000">,</span> <span style="color: #993399">42</span><span style="color: #990000">)</span>
<span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900"># Now let's compile and run!</span></span>
retval <span style="color: #990000">=</span> ee<span style="color: #990000">.</span><span style="color: #000000">run_function</span><span style="color: #990000">(</span>f<span style="color: #009900">_</span>sum<span style="color: #990000">,</span> <span style="color: #990000">[</span>arg1<span style="color: #990000">,</span> arg2<span style="color: #990000">])</span>
retval <span style="color: #990000">=</span> ee<span style="color: #990000">.</span><span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #000000">run_function</span></span><span style="color: #990000">(</span>f<span style="color: #009900">_</span>sum<span style="color: #990000">,</span> <span style="color: #990000">[</span>arg1<span style="color: #990000">,</span> arg2<span style="color: #990000">])</span>
<span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900"># The return value is also GenericValue. Let's print it.</span></span>
<span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">print</span></span> <span style="color: #FF0000">"returned"</span><span style="color: #990000">,</span> retval<span style="color: #990000">.</span><span style="color: #000000">as_int</span><span style="color: #990000">()</span>
<span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">print</span></span> <span style="color: #FF0000">"returned"</span><span style="color: #990000">,</span> retval<span style="color: #990000">.</span><span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #000000">as_int</span></span><span style="color: #990000">()</span>
</tt></pre></div></div>
<p>And here's the output:</p>
<div class="listingblock">
@ -2633,7 +2633,7 @@ reached at <em>mdevan.foobar@gmail.com</em>.</p>
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