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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Meta programming</title>
<meta name="copyright"
content="Copyright &#169; 2015 Andreas Rumpf" />
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:Author: David Goodger
:Contact: goodger@python.org
:Date: Date: 2006-05-21 22:44:42 +0200 (Sun, 21 May 2006)
:Revision: Revision: 4564
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</head>
<body>
<div class="background">
<img id="head-icon" alt="Nimrod logo"
src="logo2.png" />
</div>
<div class="slide">
<h1 class="title">Meta programming</h1>
</div>
<div class="slide">
<h1 id="templates">Templates</h1><ul class="simple"><li>templates are declarative, macros imperative</li>
</ul>
<pre id="listing_1" class="listing"><span class="Comment"># from System.nim</span>
<span class="Keyword">template</span> <span class="Punctuation">`</span><span class="Operator">!=</span><span class="Punctuation">`</span> <span class="Punctuation">(</span><span class="Identifier">a</span><span class="Punctuation">,</span> <span class="Identifier">b</span><span class="Punctuation">:</span> <span class="Identifier">untyped</span><span class="Punctuation">)</span><span class="Punctuation">:</span> <span class="Identifier">untyped</span> <span class="Operator">=</span>
<span class="Keyword">not</span> <span class="Punctuation">(</span><span class="Identifier">a</span> <span class="Operator">==</span> <span class="Identifier">b</span><span class="Punctuation">)</span>
<span class="Identifier">assert</span><span class="Punctuation">(</span><span class="DecNumber">5</span> <span class="Operator">!=</span> <span class="DecNumber">6</span><span class="Punctuation">)</span> <span class="Comment"># rewritten to: assert(not (5 == 6))</span></pre><ul class="simple"><li>more transformations<ul class="simple"><li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a &gt; b</span></tt> is rewritten to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">b &lt; a</span></tt>.</li>
<li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a in b</span></tt> is rewritten to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">contains(b, a)</span></tt>.</li>
<li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a notin b</span></tt> is rewritten to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">not (a in b)</span></tt>.</li>
<li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a isnot b</span></tt> is rewritten to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">not (a is b)</span></tt>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="slide">
<h1 id="templates">Templates</h1><table class="line-nums-table"><tbody><tr><td class="blob-line-nums"><pre class="line-nums">1
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</pre></td><td><pre id="listing_2" class="listing"><span class="Keyword">template</span> <span class="Identifier">html</span><span class="Punctuation">(</span><span class="Identifier">name</span><span class="Punctuation">,</span> <span class="Identifier">body</span><span class="Punctuation">)</span> <span class="Operator">=</span>
<span class="Keyword">proc</span> <span class="Identifier">name</span><span class="Punctuation">(</span><span class="Punctuation">)</span><span class="Punctuation">:</span> <span class="Identifier">string</span> <span class="Operator">=</span>
<span class="Identifier">result</span> <span class="Operator">=</span> <span class="StringLit">&quot;&lt;html&gt;&quot;</span>
<span class="Identifier">body</span>
<span class="Identifier">result</span><span class="Operator">.</span><span class="Identifier">add</span><span class="Punctuation">(</span><span class="StringLit">&quot;&lt;/html&gt;&quot;</span><span class="Punctuation">)</span>
<span class="Identifier">html</span> <span class="Identifier">mainPage</span><span class="Punctuation">:</span>
<span class="Identifier">echo</span> <span class="StringLit">&quot;colon syntax to pass statements to template&quot;</span></pre></td></tr></tbody></table><button onclick="copyToClipboard('listing_2')">Select</button>
</div>
<div class="slide">
<h1 id="templates">Templates</h1><p>Templates already suffice to implement simple DSLs:</p>
<table class="line-nums-table"><tbody><tr><td class="blob-line-nums"><pre class="line-nums">1
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</pre></td><td><pre id="listing_3" class="listing"><span class="Identifier">html</span> <span class="Identifier">mainPage</span><span class="Punctuation">:</span>
<span class="Identifier">head</span><span class="Punctuation">:</span>
<span class="Identifier">title</span> <span class="StringLit">&quot;The Nim programming language&quot;</span>
<span class="Identifier">body</span><span class="Punctuation">:</span>
<span class="Identifier">ul</span><span class="Punctuation">:</span>
<span class="Identifier">li</span> <span class="StringLit">&quot;efficient&quot;</span>
<span class="Identifier">li</span> <span class="StringLit">&quot;expressive&quot;</span>
<span class="Identifier">li</span> <span class="StringLit">&quot;elegant&quot;</span>
<span class="Identifier">echo</span> <span class="Identifier">mainPage</span><span class="Punctuation">(</span><span class="Punctuation">)</span></pre></td></tr></tbody></table><button onclick="copyToClipboard('listing_3')">Select</button><p>Produces:<pre>
&lt;html&gt;
&lt;head&gt;&lt;title&gt;The Nim programming language&lt;/title&gt;&lt;/head&gt;
&lt;body&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;efficient&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;expressive&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;elegant&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;/body&gt;
&lt;/html&gt;</pre>
</p>
</div>
<div class="slide">
<h1 id="templates">Templates</h1><pre id="listing_4" class="listing"><span class="Keyword">template</span> <span class="Identifier">html</span><span class="Punctuation">(</span><span class="Identifier">name</span><span class="Punctuation">,</span> <span class="Identifier">body</span><span class="Punctuation">)</span> <span class="Operator">=</span>
<span class="Keyword">proc</span> <span class="Identifier">name</span><span class="Punctuation">(</span><span class="Punctuation">)</span><span class="Punctuation">:</span> <span class="Identifier">string</span> <span class="Operator">=</span>
<span class="Identifier">result</span> <span class="Operator">=</span> <span class="StringLit">&quot;&lt;html&gt;&quot;</span>
<span class="Identifier">body</span>
<span class="Identifier">result</span><span class="Operator">.</span><span class="Identifier">add</span><span class="Punctuation">(</span><span class="StringLit">&quot;&lt;/html&gt;&quot;</span><span class="Punctuation">)</span>
<span class="Keyword">template</span> <span class="Identifier">head</span><span class="Punctuation">(</span><span class="Identifier">body</span><span class="Punctuation">)</span> <span class="Operator">=</span>
<span class="Identifier">result</span><span class="Operator">.</span><span class="Identifier">add</span><span class="Punctuation">(</span><span class="StringLit">&quot;&lt;head&gt;&quot;</span><span class="Punctuation">)</span>
<span class="Identifier">body</span>
<span class="Identifier">result</span><span class="Operator">.</span><span class="Identifier">add</span><span class="Punctuation">(</span><span class="StringLit">&quot;&lt;/head&gt;&quot;</span><span class="Punctuation">)</span>
<span class="Operator">...</span>
<span class="Keyword">template</span> <span class="Identifier">title</span><span class="Punctuation">(</span><span class="Identifier">x</span><span class="Punctuation">)</span> <span class="Operator">=</span>
<span class="Identifier">result</span><span class="Operator">.</span><span class="Identifier">add</span><span class="Punctuation">(</span><span class="StringLit">&quot;&lt;title&gt;$1&lt;/title&gt;&quot;</span> <span class="Operator">%</span> <span class="Identifier">x</span><span class="Punctuation">)</span>
<span class="Keyword">template</span> <span class="Identifier">li</span><span class="Punctuation">(</span><span class="Identifier">x</span><span class="Punctuation">)</span> <span class="Operator">=</span>
<span class="Identifier">result</span><span class="Operator">.</span><span class="Identifier">add</span><span class="Punctuation">(</span><span class="StringLit">&quot;&lt;li&gt;$1&lt;/li&gt;&quot;</span> <span class="Operator">%</span> <span class="Identifier">x</span><span class="Punctuation">)</span></pre>
</div>
<div class="slide">
<h1 id="templates">Templates</h1><table class="line-nums-table"><tbody><tr><td class="blob-line-nums"><pre class="line-nums">1
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</pre></td><td><pre id="listing_5" class="listing"><span class="Keyword">proc</span> <span class="Identifier">mainPage</span><span class="Punctuation">(</span><span class="Punctuation">)</span><span class="Punctuation">:</span> <span class="Identifier">string</span> <span class="Operator">=</span>
<span class="Identifier">result</span> <span class="Operator">=</span> <span class="StringLit">&quot;&lt;html&gt;&quot;</span>
<span class="Identifier">result</span><span class="Operator">.</span><span class="Identifier">add</span><span class="Punctuation">(</span><span class="StringLit">&quot;&lt;head&gt;&quot;</span><span class="Punctuation">)</span>
<span class="Identifier">result</span><span class="Operator">.</span><span class="Identifier">add</span><span class="Punctuation">(</span><span class="StringLit">&quot;&lt;title&gt;$1&lt;/title&gt;&quot;</span> <span class="Operator">%</span> <span class="StringLit">&quot;The Nim programming language&quot;</span><span class="Punctuation">)</span>
<span class="Identifier">result</span><span class="Operator">.</span><span class="Identifier">add</span><span class="Punctuation">(</span><span class="StringLit">&quot;&lt;/head&gt;&quot;</span><span class="Punctuation">)</span>
<span class="Identifier">result</span><span class="Operator">.</span><span class="Identifier">add</span><span class="Punctuation">(</span><span class="StringLit">&quot;&lt;body&gt;&quot;</span><span class="Punctuation">)</span>
<span class="Identifier">result</span><span class="Operator">.</span><span class="Identifier">add</span><span class="Punctuation">(</span><span class="StringLit">&quot;&lt;ul&gt;&quot;</span><span class="Punctuation">)</span>
<span class="Identifier">result</span><span class="Operator">.</span><span class="Identifier">add</span><span class="Punctuation">(</span><span class="StringLit">&quot;&lt;li&gt;$1&lt;/li&gt;&quot;</span> <span class="Operator">%</span> <span class="StringLit">&quot;efficient&quot;</span><span class="Punctuation">)</span>
<span class="Identifier">result</span><span class="Operator">.</span><span class="Identifier">add</span><span class="Punctuation">(</span><span class="StringLit">&quot;&lt;li&gt;$1&lt;/li&gt;&quot;</span> <span class="Operator">%</span> <span class="StringLit">&quot;expressive&quot;</span><span class="Punctuation">)</span>
<span class="Identifier">result</span><span class="Operator">.</span><span class="Identifier">add</span><span class="Punctuation">(</span><span class="StringLit">&quot;&lt;li&gt;$1&lt;/li&gt;&quot;</span> <span class="Operator">%</span> <span class="StringLit">&quot;elegant&quot;</span><span class="Punctuation">)</span>
<span class="Identifier">result</span><span class="Operator">.</span><span class="Identifier">add</span><span class="Punctuation">(</span><span class="StringLit">&quot;&lt;/ul&gt;&quot;</span><span class="Punctuation">)</span>
<span class="Identifier">result</span><span class="Operator">.</span><span class="Identifier">add</span><span class="Punctuation">(</span><span class="StringLit">&quot;&lt;/body&gt;&quot;</span><span class="Punctuation">)</span>
<span class="Identifier">result</span><span class="Operator">.</span><span class="Identifier">add</span><span class="Punctuation">(</span><span class="StringLit">&quot;&lt;/html&gt;&quot;</span><span class="Punctuation">)</span></pre></td></tr></tbody></table><button onclick="copyToClipboard('listing_5')">Select</button>
</div>
<div class="slide">
<h1 id="macros">Macros</h1><ul class="simple"><li>imperative AST to AST transformations</li>
<li>Turing complete</li>
<li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">macros</span></tt> module provides an API for dealing with Nim ASTs</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="slide">
<h1 id="code-coverage">Code coverage</h1><table class="line-nums-table"><tbody><tr><td class="blob-line-nums"><pre class="line-nums">1
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</pre></td><td><pre id="listing_6" class="listing"><span class="Keyword">proc</span> <span class="Identifier">toTest</span><span class="Punctuation">(</span><span class="Identifier">x</span><span class="Punctuation">,</span> <span class="Identifier">y</span><span class="Punctuation">:</span> <span class="Identifier">int</span><span class="Punctuation">)</span> <span class="Operator">=</span>
<span class="Keyword">try</span><span class="Punctuation">:</span>
<span class="Keyword">case</span> <span class="Identifier">x</span>
<span class="Keyword">of</span> <span class="DecNumber">8</span><span class="Punctuation">:</span>
<span class="Keyword">if</span> <span class="Identifier">y</span> <span class="Operator">&gt;</span> <span class="DecNumber">9</span><span class="Punctuation">:</span> <span class="Identifier">echo</span> <span class="StringLit">&quot;8.1&quot;</span>
<span class="Keyword">else</span><span class="Punctuation">:</span> <span class="Identifier">echo</span> <span class="StringLit">&quot;8.2&quot;</span>
<span class="Keyword">of</span> <span class="DecNumber">9</span><span class="Punctuation">:</span> <span class="Identifier">echo</span> <span class="StringLit">&quot;9&quot;</span>
<span class="Keyword">else</span><span class="Punctuation">:</span> <span class="Identifier">echo</span> <span class="StringLit">&quot;else&quot;</span>
<span class="Identifier">echo</span> <span class="StringLit">&quot;no exception&quot;</span>
<span class="Keyword">except</span> <span class="Identifier">IoError</span><span class="Punctuation">:</span>
<span class="Identifier">echo</span> <span class="StringLit">&quot;IoError&quot;</span>
<span class="Identifier">toTest</span><span class="Punctuation">(</span><span class="DecNumber">8</span><span class="Punctuation">,</span> <span class="DecNumber">10</span><span class="Punctuation">)</span>
<span class="Identifier">toTest</span><span class="Punctuation">(</span><span class="DecNumber">10</span><span class="Punctuation">,</span> <span class="DecNumber">10</span><span class="Punctuation">)</span></pre></td></tr></tbody></table><button onclick="copyToClipboard('listing_6')">Select</button>
</div>
<div class="slide">
<h1 id="code-coverage">Code coverage</h1><table class="line-nums-table"><tbody><tr><td class="blob-line-nums"><pre class="line-nums">1
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</pre></td><td><pre id="listing_7" class="listing"><span class="Keyword">proc</span> <span class="Identifier">toTest</span><span class="Punctuation">(</span><span class="Identifier">x</span><span class="Punctuation">,</span> <span class="Identifier">y</span><span class="Punctuation">:</span> <span class="Identifier">int</span><span class="Punctuation">)</span> <span class="Operator">=</span>
<span class="Keyword">try</span><span class="Punctuation">:</span>
<span class="Keyword">case</span> <span class="Identifier">x</span>
<span class="Keyword">of</span> <span class="DecNumber">8</span><span class="Punctuation">:</span>
<span class="Keyword">if</span> <span class="Identifier">y</span> <span class="Operator">&gt;</span> <span class="DecNumber">9</span><span class="Punctuation">:</span> <span class="Identifier">echo</span> <span class="StringLit">&quot;8.1&quot;</span>
<span class="Keyword">else</span><span class="Punctuation">:</span> <span style="background-color:#FF7700"><span class="Identifier">echo</span> <span class="StringLit">&quot;8.2&quot;</span></span>
<span class="Keyword">of</span> <span class="DecNumber">9</span><span class="Punctuation">:</span> <span style="background-color:#FF7700"><span class="Identifier">echo</span> <span class="StringLit">&quot;9&quot;</span></span>
<span class="Keyword">else</span><span class="Punctuation">:</span> <span class="Identifier">echo</span> <span class="StringLit">&quot;else&quot;</span>
<span class="Identifier">echo</span> <span class="StringLit">&quot;no exception&quot;</span>
<span class="Keyword">except</span> <span class="Identifier">IoError</span><span class="Punctuation">:</span>
<span style="background-color:#FF7700"><span class="Identifier">echo</span> <span class="StringLit">&quot;IoError&quot;</span></span>
<span class="Identifier">toTest</span><span class="Punctuation">(</span><span class="DecNumber">8</span><span class="Punctuation">,</span> <span class="DecNumber">10</span><span class="Punctuation">)</span>
<span class="Identifier">toTest</span><span class="Punctuation">(</span><span class="DecNumber">10</span><span class="Punctuation">,</span> <span class="DecNumber">10</span><span class="Punctuation">)</span></pre></td></tr></tbody></table><button onclick="copyToClipboard('listing_7')">Select</button>
</div>
<div class="slide">
<h1 id="code-coverage">Code coverage</h1><table class="line-nums-table"><tbody><tr><td class="blob-line-nums"><pre class="line-nums">1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
</pre></td><td><pre id="listing_8" class="listing"><span class="Comment"># This is the code our macro will produce!</span>
<span class="Keyword">var</span>
<span class="Identifier">track</span> <span class="Operator">=</span> <span class="Punctuation">[</span><span class="Punctuation">(</span><span class="StringLit">&quot;line 9&quot;</span><span class="Punctuation">,</span> <span class="Identifier">false</span><span class="Punctuation">)</span><span class="Punctuation">,</span> <span class="Punctuation">(</span><span class="StringLit">&quot;line 13&quot;</span><span class="Punctuation">,</span> <span class="Identifier">false</span><span class="Punctuation">)</span><span class="Punctuation">,</span> <span class="Operator">...</span><span class="Punctuation">]</span>
<span class="Keyword">proc</span> <span class="Identifier">toTest</span><span class="Punctuation">(</span><span class="Identifier">x</span><span class="Punctuation">,</span> <span class="Identifier">y</span><span class="Punctuation">:</span> <span class="Identifier">int</span><span class="Punctuation">)</span> <span class="Operator">=</span>
<span class="Keyword">try</span><span class="Punctuation">:</span>
<span class="Keyword">case</span> <span class="Identifier">x</span>
<span class="Keyword">of</span> <span class="DecNumber">8</span><span class="Punctuation">:</span>
<span class="Keyword">if</span> <span class="Identifier">y</span> <span class="Operator">&gt;</span> <span class="DecNumber">9</span><span class="Punctuation">:</span>
<span class="Identifier">track</span><span class="Punctuation">[</span><span class="DecNumber">0</span><span class="Punctuation">]</span><span class="Punctuation">[</span><span class="DecNumber">1</span><span class="Punctuation">]</span> <span class="Operator">=</span> <span class="Identifier">true</span>
<span class="Identifier">echo</span> <span class="StringLit">&quot;8.1&quot;</span>
<span class="Keyword">else</span><span class="Punctuation">:</span>
<span class="Identifier">track</span><span class="Punctuation">[</span><span class="DecNumber">1</span><span class="Punctuation">]</span><span class="Punctuation">[</span><span class="DecNumber">1</span><span class="Punctuation">]</span> <span class="Operator">=</span> <span class="Identifier">true</span>
<span class="Identifier">echo</span> <span class="StringLit">&quot;8.2&quot;</span>
<span class="Keyword">of</span> <span class="DecNumber">9</span><span class="Punctuation">:</span>
<span class="Identifier">track</span><span class="Punctuation">[</span><span class="DecNumber">2</span><span class="Punctuation">]</span><span class="Punctuation">[</span><span class="DecNumber">1</span><span class="Punctuation">]</span> <span class="Operator">=</span> <span class="Identifier">true</span>
<span class="Identifier">echo</span> <span class="StringLit">&quot;9&quot;</span>
<span class="Keyword">else</span><span class="Punctuation">:</span>
<span class="Identifier">track</span><span class="Punctuation">[</span><span class="DecNumber">3</span><span class="Punctuation">]</span><span class="Punctuation">[</span><span class="DecNumber">1</span><span class="Punctuation">]</span> <span class="Operator">=</span> <span class="Identifier">true</span>
<span class="Identifier">echo</span> <span class="StringLit">&quot;foo&quot;</span>
<span class="Identifier">echo</span> <span class="StringLit">&quot;no exception&quot;</span>
<span class="Keyword">except</span> <span class="Identifier">IoError</span><span class="Punctuation">:</span>
<span class="Identifier">track</span><span class="Punctuation">[</span><span class="DecNumber">4</span><span class="Punctuation">]</span><span class="Punctuation">[</span><span class="DecNumber">1</span><span class="Punctuation">]</span> <span class="Operator">=</span> <span class="Identifier">true</span>
<span class="Identifier">echo</span> <span class="StringLit">&quot;IoError&quot;</span></pre></td></tr></tbody></table><button onclick="copyToClipboard('listing_8')">Select</button>
</div>
<div class="slide">
<h1 id="code-coverage">Code coverage</h1><table class="line-nums-table"><tbody><tr><td class="blob-line-nums"><pre class="line-nums">1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
</pre></td><td><pre id="listing_9" class="listing"><span class="Identifier">toTest</span><span class="Punctuation">(</span><span class="DecNumber">8</span><span class="Punctuation">,</span> <span class="DecNumber">10</span><span class="Punctuation">)</span>
<span class="Identifier">toTest</span><span class="Punctuation">(</span><span class="DecNumber">1</span><span class="Punctuation">,</span> <span class="DecNumber">2</span><span class="Punctuation">)</span>
<span class="Keyword">proc</span> <span class="Identifier">listCoverage</span><span class="Punctuation">(</span><span class="Identifier">s</span><span class="Punctuation">:</span> <span class="Identifier">openArray</span><span class="Punctuation">[</span><span class="Punctuation">(</span><span class="Identifier">string</span><span class="Punctuation">,</span> <span class="Identifier">bool</span><span class="Punctuation">)</span><span class="Punctuation">]</span><span class="Punctuation">)</span> <span class="Operator">=</span>
<span class="Keyword">for</span> <span class="Identifier">x</span> <span class="Keyword">in</span> <span class="Identifier">s</span><span class="Punctuation">:</span>
<span class="Keyword">if</span> <span class="Keyword">not</span> <span class="Identifier">x</span><span class="Punctuation">[</span><span class="DecNumber">1</span><span class="Punctuation">]</span><span class="Punctuation">:</span> <span class="Identifier">echo</span> <span class="StringLit">&quot;NOT COVERED &quot;</span><span class="Punctuation">,</span> <span class="Identifier">x</span><span class="Punctuation">[</span><span class="DecNumber">0</span><span class="Punctuation">]</span>
<span class="Identifier">listCoverage</span><span class="Punctuation">(</span><span class="Identifier">track</span><span class="Punctuation">)</span></pre></td></tr></tbody></table><button onclick="copyToClipboard('listing_9')">Select</button>
</div>
<div class="slide">
<h1 id="code-coverage">Code coverage</h1><table class="line-nums-table"><tbody><tr><td class="blob-line-nums"><pre class="line-nums">1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
</pre></td><td><pre id="listing_10" class="listing"><span class="Keyword">import</span> <span class="Identifier">macros</span>
<span class="Keyword">macro</span> <span class="Identifier">cov</span><span class="Punctuation">(</span><span class="Identifier">n</span><span class="Punctuation">:</span> <span class="Identifier">untyped</span><span class="Punctuation">)</span><span class="Punctuation">:</span> <span class="Identifier">untyped</span> <span class="Operator">=</span>
<span class="Identifier">result</span> <span class="Operator">=</span> <span class="Identifier">n</span>
<span class="Identifier">echo</span> <span class="Identifier">treeRepr</span> <span class="Identifier">n</span>
<span class="Identifier">cov</span><span class="Punctuation">:</span>
<span class="Keyword">proc</span> <span class="Identifier">toTest</span><span class="Punctuation">(</span><span class="Identifier">x</span><span class="Punctuation">,</span> <span class="Identifier">y</span><span class="Punctuation">:</span> <span class="Identifier">int</span><span class="Punctuation">)</span> <span class="Operator">=</span>
<span class="Keyword">try</span><span class="Punctuation">:</span>
<span class="Keyword">case</span> <span class="Identifier">x</span>
<span class="Keyword">of</span> <span class="DecNumber">8</span><span class="Punctuation">:</span>
<span class="Keyword">if</span> <span class="Identifier">y</span> <span class="Operator">&gt;</span> <span class="DecNumber">9</span><span class="Punctuation">:</span> <span class="Identifier">echo</span> <span class="StringLit">&quot;8.1&quot;</span>
<span class="Keyword">else</span><span class="Punctuation">:</span> <span class="Identifier">echo</span> <span class="StringLit">&quot;8.2&quot;</span>
<span class="Keyword">of</span> <span class="DecNumber">9</span><span class="Punctuation">:</span> <span class="Identifier">echo</span> <span class="StringLit">&quot;9&quot;</span>
<span class="Keyword">else</span><span class="Punctuation">:</span> <span class="Identifier">echo</span> <span class="StringLit">&quot;foo&quot;</span>
<span class="Identifier">echo</span> <span class="StringLit">&quot;no exception&quot;</span>
<span class="Keyword">except</span> <span class="Identifier">IoError</span><span class="Punctuation">:</span>
<span class="Identifier">echo</span> <span class="StringLit">&quot;IoError&quot;</span>
<span class="Identifier">toTest</span><span class="Punctuation">(</span><span class="DecNumber">8</span><span class="Punctuation">,</span> <span class="DecNumber">10</span><span class="Punctuation">)</span>
<span class="Identifier">toTest</span><span class="Punctuation">(</span><span class="DecNumber">10</span><span class="Punctuation">,</span> <span class="DecNumber">10</span><span class="Punctuation">)</span></pre></td></tr></tbody></table><button onclick="copyToClipboard('listing_10')">Select</button>
</div>
<div class="slide">
<h1 id="code-coverage">Code coverage</h1><pre>...
TryStmt
StmtList
CaseStmt
Ident !&quot;x&quot;
OfBranch
IntLit 8
StmtList
IfStmt
ElifBranch
Infix
Ident !&quot;&gt;&quot;
Ident !&quot;y&quot;
IntLit 9
StmtList [...]
Else
StmtList [...]
OfBranch
IntLit 9
StmtList
Command
Ident !&quot;echo&quot;
StrLit 9
Else
StmtList
Command
Ident !&quot;echo&quot;
StrLit foo
Command [...]
ExceptBranch
[...]</pre>
</div>
<div class="slide">
<h1 id="code-coverage">Code coverage</h1><table class="line-nums-table"><tbody><tr><td class="blob-line-nums"><pre class="line-nums">1
2
3
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8
9
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13
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</pre></td><td><pre id="listing_11" class="listing"><span class="Comment">## Code coverage macro</span>
<span class="Keyword">import</span> <span class="Identifier">macros</span>
<span class="Keyword">proc</span> <span class="Identifier">transform</span><span class="Punctuation">(</span><span class="Identifier">n</span><span class="Punctuation">,</span> <span class="Identifier">track</span><span class="Punctuation">,</span> <span class="Identifier">list</span><span class="Punctuation">:</span> <span class="Identifier">NimNode</span><span class="Punctuation">)</span><span class="Punctuation">:</span> <span class="Identifier">NimNode</span> <span class="Punctuation">{</span><span class="Operator">.</span><span class="Identifier">compileTime</span><span class="Operator">.</span><span class="Punctuation">}</span> <span class="Operator">=</span>
<span class="Operator">...</span>
<span class="Keyword">macro</span> <span class="Identifier">cov</span><span class="Punctuation">(</span><span class="Identifier">body</span><span class="Punctuation">:</span> <span class="Identifier">untyped</span><span class="Punctuation">)</span><span class="Punctuation">:</span> <span class="Identifier">untyped</span> <span class="Operator">=</span>
<span class="Keyword">var</span> <span class="Identifier">list</span> <span class="Operator">=</span> <span class="Identifier">newNimNode</span><span class="Punctuation">(</span><span class="Identifier">nnkBracket</span><span class="Punctuation">)</span>
<span class="Keyword">let</span> <span class="Identifier">track</span> <span class="Operator">=</span> <span class="Identifier">genSym</span><span class="Punctuation">(</span><span class="Identifier">nskVar</span><span class="Punctuation">,</span> <span class="StringLit">&quot;track&quot;</span><span class="Punctuation">)</span>
<span class="Identifier">result</span> <span class="Operator">=</span> <span class="Identifier">transform</span><span class="Punctuation">(</span><span class="Identifier">body</span><span class="Punctuation">,</span> <span class="Identifier">track</span><span class="Punctuation">,</span> <span class="Identifier">list</span><span class="Punctuation">)</span>
<span class="Identifier">result</span> <span class="Operator">=</span> <span class="Identifier">newStmtList</span><span class="Punctuation">(</span><span class="Identifier">newVarStmt</span><span class="Punctuation">(</span><span class="Identifier">track</span><span class="Punctuation">,</span> <span class="Identifier">list</span><span class="Punctuation">)</span><span class="Punctuation">,</span> <span class="Identifier">result</span><span class="Punctuation">,</span>
<span class="Identifier">newCall</span><span class="Punctuation">(</span><span class="RawData">bindSym&quot;listCoverage&quot;</span><span class="Punctuation">,</span> <span class="Identifier">track</span><span class="Punctuation">)</span><span class="Punctuation">)</span>
<span class="Identifier">echo</span> <span class="Identifier">result</span><span class="Operator">.</span><span class="Identifier">toStrLit</span>
<span class="Identifier">cov</span><span class="Punctuation">:</span>
<span class="Keyword">proc</span> <span class="Identifier">toTest</span><span class="Punctuation">(</span><span class="Identifier">x</span><span class="Punctuation">,</span> <span class="Identifier">y</span><span class="Punctuation">:</span> <span class="Identifier">int</span><span class="Punctuation">)</span> <span class="Operator">=</span>
<span class="Operator">...</span>
<span class="Identifier">toTest</span><span class="Punctuation">(</span><span class="DecNumber">8</span><span class="Punctuation">,</span> <span class="DecNumber">10</span><span class="Punctuation">)</span>
<span class="Identifier">toTest</span><span class="Punctuation">(</span><span class="DecNumber">10</span><span class="Punctuation">,</span> <span class="DecNumber">10</span><span class="Punctuation">)</span></pre></td></tr></tbody></table><button onclick="copyToClipboard('listing_11')">Select</button>
</div>
<div class="slide">
<h1 id="macros">Macros</h1><table class="line-nums-table"><tbody><tr><td class="blob-line-nums"><pre class="line-nums">1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
</pre></td><td><pre id="listing_12" class="listing"><span class="Keyword">proc</span> <span class="Identifier">transform</span><span class="Punctuation">(</span><span class="Identifier">n</span><span class="Punctuation">,</span> <span class="Identifier">track</span><span class="Punctuation">,</span> <span class="Identifier">list</span><span class="Punctuation">:</span> <span class="Identifier">NimNode</span><span class="Punctuation">)</span><span class="Punctuation">:</span> <span class="Identifier">NimNode</span> <span class="Punctuation">{</span><span class="Operator">.</span><span class="Identifier">compileTime</span><span class="Operator">.</span><span class="Punctuation">}</span> <span class="Operator">=</span>
<span class="Comment"># recurse:</span>
<span class="Identifier">result</span> <span class="Operator">=</span> <span class="Identifier">copyNimNode</span><span class="Punctuation">(</span><span class="Identifier">n</span><span class="Punctuation">)</span>
<span class="Keyword">for</span> <span class="Identifier">c</span> <span class="Keyword">in</span> <span class="Identifier">n</span><span class="Operator">.</span><span class="Identifier">children</span><span class="Punctuation">:</span>
<span class="Identifier">result</span><span class="Operator">.</span><span class="Identifier">add</span> <span class="Identifier">c</span><span class="Operator">.</span><span class="Identifier">transform</span><span class="Punctuation">(</span><span class="Identifier">track</span><span class="Punctuation">,</span> <span class="Identifier">list</span><span class="Punctuation">)</span>
<span class="Keyword">if</span> <span class="Identifier">n</span><span class="Operator">.</span><span class="Identifier">kind</span> <span class="Keyword">in</span> <span class="Punctuation">{</span><span class="Identifier">nnkElifBranch</span><span class="Punctuation">,</span> <span class="Identifier">nnkOfBranch</span><span class="Punctuation">,</span> <span class="Identifier">nnkExceptBranch</span><span class="Punctuation">,</span> <span class="Identifier">nnkElse</span><span class="Punctuation">}</span><span class="Punctuation">:</span>
<span class="Keyword">let</span> <span class="Identifier">lineinfo</span> <span class="Operator">=</span> <span class="Identifier">result</span><span class="Punctuation">[</span><span class="Operator">^</span><span class="DecNumber">1</span><span class="Punctuation">]</span><span class="Operator">.</span><span class="Identifier">lineinfo</span>
<span class="Keyword">template</span> <span class="Identifier">trackStmt</span><span class="Punctuation">(</span><span class="Identifier">track</span><span class="Punctuation">,</span> <span class="Identifier">i</span><span class="Punctuation">)</span> <span class="Operator">=</span>
<span class="Identifier">track</span><span class="Punctuation">[</span><span class="Identifier">i</span><span class="Punctuation">]</span><span class="Punctuation">[</span><span class="DecNumber">1</span><span class="Punctuation">]</span> <span class="Operator">=</span> <span class="Identifier">true</span>
<span class="Identifier">result</span><span class="Punctuation">[</span><span class="Operator">^</span><span class="DecNumber">1</span><span class="Punctuation">]</span> <span class="Operator">=</span> <span class="Identifier">newStmtList</span><span class="Punctuation">(</span><span class="Identifier">getAst</span> <span class="Identifier">trackStmt</span><span class="Punctuation">(</span><span class="Identifier">track</span><span class="Punctuation">,</span> <span class="Identifier">list</span><span class="Operator">.</span><span class="Identifier">len</span><span class="Punctuation">)</span><span class="Punctuation">,</span> <span class="Identifier">result</span><span class="Punctuation">[</span><span class="Operator">^</span><span class="DecNumber">1</span><span class="Punctuation">]</span><span class="Punctuation">)</span>
<span class="Keyword">template</span> <span class="Identifier">tup</span><span class="Punctuation">(</span><span class="Identifier">lineinfo</span><span class="Punctuation">)</span> <span class="Operator">=</span>
<span class="Punctuation">(</span><span class="Identifier">lineinfo</span><span class="Punctuation">,</span> <span class="Identifier">false</span><span class="Punctuation">)</span>
<span class="Identifier">list</span><span class="Operator">.</span><span class="Identifier">add</span><span class="Punctuation">(</span><span class="Identifier">getAst</span> <span class="Identifier">tup</span><span class="Punctuation">(</span><span class="Identifier">lineinfo</span><span class="Punctuation">)</span><span class="Punctuation">)</span></pre></td></tr></tbody></table><button onclick="copyToClipboard('listing_12')">Select</button>
</div>
<div class="slide">
<h1 id="macros">Macros</h1><p>Result:<pre>8.1
no exception
else
no exception
NOT COVERED coverage.nim(42,14)
NOT COVERED coverage.nim(43,12)
NOT COVERED coverage.nim(47,6)</pre>
</p>
</div>
<div class="slide">
<h1 id="macros">Macros</h1><table class="line-nums-table"><tbody><tr><td class="blob-line-nums"><pre class="line-nums">1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
</pre></td><td><pre id="listing_13" class="listing"><span class="Keyword">proc</span> <span class="Identifier">toTest</span><span class="Punctuation">(</span><span class="Identifier">x</span><span class="Punctuation">,</span> <span class="Identifier">y</span><span class="Punctuation">:</span> <span class="Identifier">int</span><span class="Punctuation">)</span> <span class="Operator">=</span>
<span class="Keyword">try</span><span class="Punctuation">:</span>
<span class="Keyword">case</span> <span class="Identifier">x</span>
<span class="Keyword">of</span> <span class="DecNumber">8</span><span class="Punctuation">:</span>
<span class="Keyword">if</span> <span class="Identifier">y</span> <span class="Operator">&gt;</span> <span class="DecNumber">9</span><span class="Punctuation">:</span> <span class="Identifier">echo</span> <span class="StringLit">&quot;8.1&quot;</span>
<span class="Keyword">else</span><span class="Punctuation">:</span> <span style="background-color:#FF7700"><span class="Identifier">echo</span> <span class="StringLit">&quot;8.2&quot;</span></span>
<span class="Keyword">of</span> <span class="DecNumber">9</span><span class="Punctuation">:</span> <span style="background-color:#FF7700"><span class="Identifier">echo</span> <span class="StringLit">&quot;9&quot;</span></span>
<span class="Keyword">else</span><span class="Punctuation">:</span> <span class="Identifier">echo</span> <span class="StringLit">&quot;else&quot;</span>
<span class="Identifier">echo</span> <span class="StringLit">&quot;no exception&quot;</span>
<span class="Keyword">except</span> <span class="Identifier">IoError</span><span class="Punctuation">:</span>
<span style="background-color:#FF7700"><span class="Identifier">echo</span> <span class="StringLit">&quot;IoError&quot;</span></span>
<span class="Identifier">toTest</span><span class="Punctuation">(</span><span class="DecNumber">8</span><span class="Punctuation">,</span> <span class="DecNumber">10</span><span class="Punctuation">)</span>
<span class="Identifier">toTest</span><span class="Punctuation">(</span><span class="DecNumber">10</span><span class="Punctuation">,</span> <span class="DecNumber">10</span><span class="Punctuation">)</span></pre></td></tr></tbody></table><button onclick="copyToClipboard('listing_13')">Select</button>
</body>
</div>
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