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@ -10,45 +10,46 @@
<!-- INDEX -->
<div class="sectiontoc">
<ul>
<li><a href="#CPlusPlus11_Introduction">Introduction</a>
<li><a href="#CPlusPlus11_Core_language_changes">Core language changes</a>
<li><a href="#CPlusPlus11_introduction">Introduction</a>
<li><a href="#CPlusPlus11_core_language_changes">Core language changes</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#CPlusPlus11_Rvalue_reference_and_move_semantics">Rvalue reference and move semantics</a>
<li><a href="#CPlusPlus11_Generalized_constant_expressions">Generalized constant expressions</a>
<li><a href="#CPlusPlus11_Extern_template">Extern template</a>
<li><a href="#CPlusPlus11_Initializer_lists">Initializer lists</a>
<li><a href="#CPlusPlus11_Uniform_initialization">Uniform initialization</a>
<li><a href="#CPlusPlus11_Type_inference">Type inference</a>
<li><a href="#CPlusPlus11_Range_based_for_loop">Range-based for-loop</a>
<li><a href="#CPlusPlus11_Lambda_functions_and_expressions">Lambda functions and expressions</a>
<li><a href="#CPlusPlus11_Alternate_function_syntax">Alternate function syntax</a>
<li><a href="#CPlusPlus11_Object_construction_improvement">Object construction improvement</a>
<li><a href="#CPlusPlus11_Null_pointer_constant">Null pointer constant</a>
<li><a href="#CPlusPlus11_Strongly_typed_enumerations">Strongly typed enumerations</a>
<li><a href="#CPlusPlus11_Double_angle_brackets">Double angle brackets</a>
<li><a href="#CPlusPlus11_Explicit_conversion_operators">Explicit conversion operators</a>
<li><a href="#CPlusPlus11_Alias_templates">Alias templates</a>
<li><a href="#CPlusPlus11_Unrestricted_unions">Unrestricted unions</a>
<li><a href="#CPlusPlus11_Variadic_templates">Variadic templates</a>
<li><a href="#CPlusPlus11_New_string_literals">New string literals</a>
<li><a href="#CPlusPlus11_User_defined_literals">User-defined literals</a>
<li><a href="#CPlusPlus11_Thread_local_storage">Thread-local storage</a>
<li><a href="#CPlusPlus11_Defaulting/deleting_of_standard_functions_on_C++_objects">Defaulting/deleting of standard functions on C++ objects</a>
<li><a href="#CPlusPlus11_Type_long_long_int">Type long long int</a>
<li><a href="#CPlusPlus11_Static_assertions">Static assertions</a>
<li><a href="#CPlusPlus11_Allow_sizeof_to_work_on_members_of_classes_without_an_explicit_object">Allow sizeof to work on members of classes without an explicit object</a>
<li><a href="#CPlusPlus11_rvalue_reference_and_move_semantics">Rvalue reference and move semantics</a>
<li><a href="#CPlusPlus11_generalized_constant_expressions">Generalized constant expressions</a>
<li><a href="#CPlusPlus11_extern_template">Extern template</a>
<li><a href="#CPlusPlus11_initializer_lists">Initializer lists</a>
<li><a href="#CPlusPlus11_uniform_initialization">Uniform initialization</a>
<li><a href="#CPlusPlus11_type_inference">Type inference</a>
<li><a href="#CPlusPlus11_range_based_for_loop">Range-based for-loop</a>
<li><a href="#CPlusPlus11_lambda_functions_and_expressions">Lambda functions and expressions</a>
<li><a href="#CPlusPlus11_alternate_function_syntax">Alternate function syntax</a>
<li><a href="#CPlusPlus11_object_construction_improvement">Object construction improvement</a>
<li><a href="#CPlusPlus11_null_pointer_constant">Null pointer constant</a>
<li><a href="#CPlusPlus11_strongly_typed_enumerations">Strongly typed enumerations</a>
<li><a href="#CPlusPlus11_double_angle_brackets">Double angle brackets</a>
<li><a href="#CPlusPlus11_explicit_conversion_operators">Explicit conversion operators</a>
<li><a href="#CPlusPlus11_alias_templates">Alias templates</a>
<li><a href="#CPlusPlus11_unrestricted_unions">Unrestricted unions</a>
<li><a href="#CPlusPlus11_variadic_templates">Variadic templates</a>
<li><a href="#CPlusPlus11_new_string_literals">New string literals</a>
<li><a href="#CPlusPlus11_user_defined_literals">User-defined literals</a>
<li><a href="#CPlusPlus11_thread_local_storage">Thread-local storage</a>
<li><a href="#CPlusPlus11_defaulted_deleted">Explicitly defaulted functions and deleted functions</a>
<li><a href="#CPlusPlus11_type_long_long_int">Type long long int</a>
<li><a href="#CPlusPlus11_static_assertions">Static assertions</a>
<li><a href="#CPlusPlus11_allow_sizeof_to_work_on_members_of_classes_without_an_explicit_object">Allow sizeof to work on members of classes without an explicit object</a>
<li><a href="#CPlusPlus11_noexcept">Exception specifications and noexcept</a>
</ul>
<li><a href="#CPlusPlus11_Standard_library_changes">Standard library changes</a>
<li><a href="#CPlusPlus11_standard_library_changes">Standard library changes</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#CPlusPlus11_Threading_facilities">Threading facilities</a>
<li><a href="#CPlusPlus11_Tuple_types">Tuple types and hash tables</a>
<li><a href="#CPlusPlus11_Regular_expressions">Regular expressions</a>
<li><a href="#CPlusPlus11_General_purpose_smart_pointers">General-purpose smart pointers</a>
<li><a href="#CPlusPlus11_Extensible_random_number_facility">Extensible random number facility</a>
<li><a href="#CPlusPlus11_Wrapper_reference">Wrapper reference</a>
<li><a href="#CPlusPlus11_Polymorphous_wrappers_for_function_objects">Polymorphous wrappers for function objects</a>
<li><a href="#CPlusPlus11_Type_traits_for_metaprogramming">Type traits for metaprogramming</a>
<li><a href="#CPlusPlus11_Uniform_method_for_computing_return_type_of_function_objects">Uniform method for computing return type of function objects</a>
<li><a href="#CPlusPlus11_threading_facilities">Threading facilities</a>
<li><a href="#CPlusPlus11_tuple_types">Tuple types and hash tables</a>
<li><a href="#CPlusPlus11_regular_expressions">Regular expressions</a>
<li><a href="#CPlusPlus11_general_purpose_smart_pointers">General-purpose smart pointers</a>
<li><a href="#CPlusPlus11_extensible_random_number_facility">Extensible random number facility</a>
<li><a href="#CPlusPlus11_wrapper_reference">Wrapper reference</a>
<li><a href="#CPlusPlus11_polymorphous_wrappers_for_function_objects">Polymorphous wrappers for function objects</a>
<li><a href="#CPlusPlus11_type_traits_for_metaprogramming">Type traits for metaprogramming</a>
<li><a href="#CPlusPlus11_uniform_method_for_computing_return_type_of_function_objects">Uniform method for computing return type of function objects</a>
</ul>
</ul>
</div>
@ -56,7 +57,7 @@
<H2><a name="CPlusPlus11_Introduction"></a>7.1 Introduction</H2>
<H2><a name="CPlusPlus11_introduction"></a>7.1 Introduction</H2>
<p>This chapter gives you a brief overview about the SWIG
@ -68,10 +69,10 @@ Google Summer of Code 2009 period.</p>
new STL types (unordered_ containers, result_of, tuples) are not supported
yet.</p>
<H2><a name="CPlusPlus11_Core_language_changes"></a>7.2 Core language changes</H2>
<H2><a name="CPlusPlus11_core_language_changes"></a>7.2 Core language changes</H2>
<H3><a name="CPlusPlus11_Rvalue_reference_and_move_semantics"></a>7.2.1 Rvalue reference and move semantics</H3>
<H3><a name="CPlusPlus11_rvalue_reference_and_move_semantics"></a>7.2.1 Rvalue reference and move semantics</H3>
<p>SWIG correctly parses the new operator &amp;&amp; the same as the reference operator &amp;.</p>
@ -87,7 +88,7 @@ class MyClass {
};
</pre></div>
<H3><a name="CPlusPlus11_Generalized_constant_expressions"></a>7.2.2 Generalized constant expressions</H3>
<H3><a name="CPlusPlus11_generalized_constant_expressions"></a>7.2.2 Generalized constant expressions</H3>
<p>SWIG correctly parses the keyword <tt>constexpr</tt>, but ignores its functionality. Constant functions cannot be used as constants.</p>
@ -105,7 +106,7 @@ constexpr int myConstFunc() { return MY_CONST; }
const int a = MY_CONST; // ok
</pre></div>
<H3><a name="CPlusPlus11_Extern_template"></a>7.2.3 Extern template</H3>
<H3><a name="CPlusPlus11_extern_template"></a>7.2.3 Extern template</H3>
<p>SWIG correctly parses the keywords <tt>extern template</tt>. However, the explicit template instantiation is not used by SWIG, a <tt>%template</tt> is still required.</p>
@ -123,7 +124,8 @@ public:
};
</pre></div>
<H3><a name="CPlusPlus11_Initializer_lists"></a>7.2.4 Initializer lists</H3>
<H3><a name="CPlusPlus11_initializer_lists"></a>7.2.4 Initializer lists</H3>
<p>
Initializer lists are very much a C++ compiler construct and are not very accessible from wrappers as
@ -254,7 +256,7 @@ Note that the default typemap for <tt>std::initializer_list</tt> does nothing bu
and hence any user supplied typemaps will override it and suppress the warning.
</p>
<H3><a name="CPlusPlus11_Uniform_initialization"></a>7.2.5 Uniform initialization</H3>
<H3><a name="CPlusPlus11_uniform_initialization"></a>7.2.5 Uniform initialization</H3>
<p>The curly brackets {} for member initialization are fully
@ -287,7 +289,7 @@ AltStruct var2{2, 4.3}; // calls the constructor
142.15
</pre></div>
<H3><a name="CPlusPlus11_Type_inference"></a>7.2.6 Type inference</H3>
<H3><a name="CPlusPlus11_type_inference"></a>7.2.6 Type inference</H3>
<p>SWIG supports <tt>decltype()</tt> with some limitations. Single
@ -304,13 +306,13 @@ int i; int j;
decltype(i+j) k; // syntax error
</pre></div>
<H3><a name="CPlusPlus11_Range_based_for_loop"></a>7.2.7 Range-based for-loop</H3>
<H3><a name="CPlusPlus11_range_based_for_loop"></a>7.2.7 Range-based for-loop</H3>
<p>This feature is part of the implementation block only. SWIG
ignores it.</p>
<H3><a name="CPlusPlus11_Lambda_functions_and_expressions"></a>7.2.8 Lambda functions and expressions</H3>
<H3><a name="CPlusPlus11_lambda_functions_and_expressions"></a>7.2.8 Lambda functions and expressions</H3>
<p>SWIG correctly parses most of the Lambda functions syntax. For example:</p>
@ -336,7 +338,7 @@ auto six = [](int x, int y) { return x+y; }(4, 2);
Better support should be available in a later release.
</p>
<H3><a name="CPlusPlus11_Alternate_function_syntax"></a>7.2.9 Alternate function syntax</H3>
<H3><a name="CPlusPlus11_alternate_function_syntax"></a>7.2.9 Alternate function syntax</H3>
<p>SWIG fully supports the new definition of functions. For example:</p>
@ -371,7 +373,7 @@ auto SomeStruct::FuncName(int x, int y) -&gt; int {
auto square(float a, float b) -&gt; decltype(a);
</pre></div>
<H3><a name="CPlusPlus11_Object_construction_improvement"></a>7.2.10 Object construction improvement</H3>
<H3><a name="CPlusPlus11_object_construction_improvement"></a>7.2.10 Object construction improvement</H3>
<p>
@ -412,12 +414,12 @@ class DerivedClass: public BaseClass {
};
</pre></div>
<H3><a name="CPlusPlus11_Null_pointer_constant"></a>7.2.11 Null pointer constant</H3>
<H3><a name="CPlusPlus11_null_pointer_constant"></a>7.2.11 Null pointer constant</H3>
<p>The <tt>nullptr</tt> constant is largely unimportant in wrappers. In the few places it has an effect, it is treated like <tt>NULL</tt>.</p>
<H3><a name="CPlusPlus11_Strongly_typed_enumerations"></a>7.2.12 Strongly typed enumerations</H3>
<H3><a name="CPlusPlus11_strongly_typed_enumerations"></a>7.2.12 Strongly typed enumerations</H3>
<p>SWIG parses the new <tt>enum class</tt> syntax and forward declarator for the enums:</p>
@ -468,7 +470,7 @@ class AllColors {
};
</pre></div>
<H3><a name="CPlusPlus11_Double_angle_brackets"></a>7.2.13 Double angle brackets</H3>
<H3><a name="CPlusPlus11_double_angle_brackets"></a>7.2.13 Double angle brackets</H3>
<p>SWIG correctly parses the symbols &gt;&gt; as closing the
@ -479,7 +481,7 @@ shift operator &gt;&gt; otherwise.</p>
std::vector&lt;std::vector&lt;int&gt;&gt; myIntTable;
</pre></div>
<H3><a name="CPlusPlus11_Explicit_conversion_operators"></a>7.2.14 Explicit conversion operators</H3>
<H3><a name="CPlusPlus11_explicit_conversion_operators"></a>7.2.14 Explicit conversion operators</H3>
<p>SWIG correctly parses the keyword <tt>explicit</tt> both for operators and constructors.
@ -515,7 +517,8 @@ SWIG target languages, because all use their own facilities (eg. classes Cloneab
to achieve particular copy and compare behaviours.
</p>
<H3><a name="CPlusPlus11_Alias_templates"></a>7.2.15 Alias templates</H3>
<H3><a name="CPlusPlus11_alias_templates"></a>7.2.15 Alias templates</H3>
<p>
The following is an example of an alias template:
@ -567,7 +570,7 @@ example.i:17: Warning 341: The 'using' keyword in type aliasing is not fully sup
typedef void (*PFD)(double); // The old style
</pre></div>
<H3><a name="CPlusPlus11_Unrestricted_unions"></a>7.2.16 Unrestricted unions</H3>
<H3><a name="CPlusPlus11_unrestricted_unions"></a>7.2.16 Unrestricted unions</H3>
<p>SWIG fully supports any type inside a union even if it does not
@ -581,7 +584,7 @@ struct point {
int x_, y_;
};
#include <new> // For placement 'new' in the constructor below
#include &lt;new&gt; // For placement 'new' in the constructor below
union P {
int z;
double w;
@ -593,7 +596,7 @@ union P {
} p1;
</pre></div>
<H3><a name="CPlusPlus11_Variadic_templates"></a>7.2.17 Variadic templates</H3>
<H3><a name="CPlusPlus11_variadic_templates"></a>7.2.17 Variadic templates</H3>
<p>SWIG supports the variadic templates syntax (inside the &lt;&gt;
@ -628,7 +631,7 @@ const int SIZE = sizeof...(ClassName&lt;int, int&gt;);
In the above example <tt>SIZE</tt> is of course wrapped as a constant.
</p>
<H3><a name="CPlusPlus11_New_string_literals"></a>7.2.18 New string literals</H3>
<H3><a name="CPlusPlus11_new_string_literals"></a>7.2.18 New string literals</H3>
<p>SWIG supports unicode string constants and raw string literals.</p>
@ -652,7 +655,7 @@ const char32_t *ii = UR"XXX(I'm a "raw UTF-32" \ string.)XXX";
<p>Note: SWIG currently incorrectly parses the odd number of double quotes
inside the string due to SWIG's C++ preprocessor.</p>
<H3><a name="CPlusPlus11_User_defined_literals"></a>7.2.19 User-defined literals</H3>
<H3><a name="CPlusPlus11_user_defined_literals"></a>7.2.19 User-defined literals</H3>
<p>
@ -719,7 +722,7 @@ OutputType var2 = 1234_suffix;
OutputType var3 = 3.1416_suffix;
</pre></div>
<H3><a name="CPlusPlus11_Thread_local_storage"></a>7.2.20 Thread-local storage</H3>
<H3><a name="CPlusPlus11_thread_local_storage"></a>7.2.20 Thread-local storage</H3>
<p>SWIG correctly parses the <tt>thread_local</tt> keyword. For example, variable
@ -739,30 +742,34 @@ A variable will be thread local if accessed from different threads from the targ
same way that it will be thread local if accessed from C++ code.
</p>
<H3><a name="CPlusPlus11_Defaulting/deleting_of_standard_functions_on_C++_objects"></a>7.2.21 Defaulting/deleting of standard functions on C++ objects</H3>
<H3><a name="CPlusPlus11_defaulted_deleted"></a>7.2.21 Explicitly defaulted functions and deleted functions</H3>
<p>SWIG correctly parses the <tt>= delete</tt> and <tt>= default</tt>
keywords. For example:</p>
<p>SWIG handles explicitly defaulted functions, that is, <tt>= default</tt> added to a function declaration. Deleted definitions, which are also called deleted functions, have <tt>= delete</tt> added to the function declaration.
For example:</p>
<div class="code"><pre>
struct NonCopyable {
NonCopyable&amp; operator=(const NonCopyable&amp;) = delete; /* Removes operator= */
NonCopyable(const NonCopyable&amp;) = delete; /* Removed copy constructor */
NonCopyable() = default; /* Explicitly allows the empty constructor */
void *operator new(std::size_t) = delete; /* Removes new NonCopyable */
NonCopyable(const NonCopyable&amp;) = delete; /* Removed copy constructor */
NonCopyable() = default; /* Explicitly allows the empty constructor */
void *operator new(std::size_t) = delete; /* Removes new NonCopyable */
};
</pre></div>
<p>This feature is specific to C++ only. The defaulting/deleting is currently ignored, because SWIG
automatically produces wrappers for special constructors and operators specific to the target language.</p>
<p>
Wrappers for deleted functions will not be available in the target language.
Wrappers for defaulted functions will of course be available in the target language.
Explicitly defaulted functions have no direct effect for SWIG wrapping as the declaration is handled
much like any other method declaration parsed by SWIG.
</p>
<H3><a name="CPlusPlus11_Type_long_long_int"></a>7.2.22 Type long long int</H3>
<H3><a name="CPlusPlus11_type_long_long_int"></a>7.2.22 Type long long int</H3>
<p>SWIG correctly parses and uses the new <tt>long long</tt> type already introduced in C99 some time ago.</p>
<H3><a name="CPlusPlus11_Static_assertions"></a>7.2.23 Static assertions</H3>
<H3><a name="CPlusPlus11_static_assertions"></a>7.2.23 Static assertions</H3>
<p>SWIG correctly parses and calls the new <tt>static_assert</tt> function.</p>
@ -774,7 +781,7 @@ struct Check {
};
</pre></div>
<H3><a name="CPlusPlus11_Allow_sizeof_to_work_on_members_of_classes_without_an_explicit_object"></a>7.2.24 Allow sizeof to work on members of classes without an explicit object</H3>
<H3><a name="CPlusPlus11_allow_sizeof_to_work_on_members_of_classes_without_an_explicit_object"></a>7.2.24 Allow sizeof to work on members of classes without an explicit object</H3>
<p>SWIG correctly calls the sizeof() on types as well as on the
@ -794,28 +801,45 @@ const int SIZE = sizeof(A::member); // does not work with C++03. Okay with C++11
8
</pre></div>
<H2><a name="CPlusPlus11_Standard_library_changes"></a>7.3 Standard library changes</H2>
<H3><a name="CPlusPlus11_noexcept"></a>7.2.25 Exception specifications and noexcept</H3>
<H3><a name="CPlusPlus11_Threading_facilities"></a>7.3.1 Threading facilities</H3>
<p>
C++11 added in the noexcept specification to exception specifications to indicate that a function simply may or may not throw an exception, without actually naming any exception.
SWIG understands these, although there isn't any useful way that this information can be taken advantage of by target languages,
so it is as good as ignored during the wrapping process.
Below are some examples of noexcept in function declarations:
</p>
<div class="code"><pre>
static void noex1() noexcept;
int noex2(int) noexcept(true);
int noex3(int, bool) noexcept(false);
</pre></div>
<H2><a name="CPlusPlus11_standard_library_changes"></a>7.3 Standard library changes</H2>
<H3><a name="CPlusPlus11_threading_facilities"></a>7.3.1 Threading facilities</H3>
<p>SWIG does not currently wrap or use any of the new threading
classes introduced (thread, mutex, locks, condition variables, task). The main reason is that
SWIG target languages offer their own threading facilities that do not rely on C++.</p>
<H3><a name="CPlusPlus11_Tuple_types"></a>7.3.2 Tuple types and hash tables</H3>
<H3><a name="CPlusPlus11_tuple_types"></a>7.3.2 Tuple types and hash tables</H3>
<p>SWIG does not wrap the new tuple types and the unordered_ container classes yet. Variadic template support is working so it is possible to
include the tuple header file; it is parsed without any problems.</p>
<H3><a name="CPlusPlus11_Regular_expressions"></a>7.3.3 Regular expressions</H3>
<H3><a name="CPlusPlus11_regular_expressions"></a>7.3.3 Regular expressions</H3>
<p>SWIG does not wrap the new C++11 regular expressions classes, because the SWIG target languages use their own facilities for this.</p>
<H3><a name="CPlusPlus11_General_purpose_smart_pointers"></a>7.3.4 General-purpose smart pointers</H3>
<H3><a name="CPlusPlus11_general_purpose_smart_pointers"></a>7.3.4 General-purpose smart pointers</H3>
<p>
@ -823,12 +847,12 @@ SWIG provides special smart pointer handling for <tt>std::tr1::shared_ptr</tt> i
There is no special smart pointer handling available for <tt>std::weak_ptr</tt> and <tt>std::unique_ptr</tt>.
</p>
<H3><a name="CPlusPlus11_Extensible_random_number_facility"></a>7.3.5 Extensible random number facility</H3>
<H3><a name="CPlusPlus11_extensible_random_number_facility"></a>7.3.5 Extensible random number facility</H3>
<p>This feature extends and standardizes the standard library only and does not effect the C++ language and SWIG.</p>
<H3><a name="CPlusPlus11_Wrapper_reference"></a>7.3.6 Wrapper reference</H3>
<H3><a name="CPlusPlus11_wrapper_reference"></a>7.3.6 Wrapper reference</H3>
<p>The new ref and cref classes are used to instantiate a parameter as a reference of a template function. For example:</p>
@ -853,7 +877,7 @@ int main() {
<p>The ref and cref classes are not wrapped by SWIG because the SWIG target languages do not support referencing.</p>
<H3><a name="CPlusPlus11_Polymorphous_wrappers_for_function_objects"></a>7.3.7 Polymorphous wrappers for function objects</H3>
<H3><a name="CPlusPlus11_polymorphous_wrappers_for_function_objects"></a>7.3.7 Polymorphous wrappers for function objects</H3>
<p>
@ -879,12 +903,12 @@ Example of supported usage of the plain functor from Python is shown below.
It does not involve <tt>std::function</tt>.
</p>
<div class="targetlang">
<div class="targetlang"><pre>
t = Test()
b = t(1,2) # invoke C++ function object
</pre></div>
<H3><a name="CPlusPlus11_Type_traits_for_metaprogramming"></a>7.3.8 Type traits for metaprogramming</H3>
<H3><a name="CPlusPlus11_type_traits_for_metaprogramming"></a>7.3.8 Type traits for metaprogramming</H3>
<p>The new C++ metaprogramming is useful at compile time and is aimed specifically for C++ development:</p>
@ -909,7 +933,7 @@ template&lt; class T1, class T2 &gt; int elaborate( T1 A, T2 B ) {
<p>SWIG correctly parses the template specialization, template types and values inside the &lt;&gt; block and the new helper functions: is_convertible, is_integral, is_const etc.
However, SWIG still explicitly requires concrete types when using the <tt>%template</tt> directive, so the C++ metaprogramming features are not really of interest at runtime in the target languages.</p>
<H3><a name="CPlusPlus11_Uniform_method_for_computing_return_type_of_function_objects"></a>7.3.9 Uniform method for computing return type of function objects</H3>
<H3><a name="CPlusPlus11_uniform_method_for_computing_return_type_of_function_objects"></a>7.3.9 Uniform method for computing return type of function objects</H3>
<p>SWIG does not wrap the new result_of class introduced in the &lt;functional&gt; header and map the result_of::type to the concrete type yet. For example:</p>
@ -938,5 +962,6 @@ typename std::result_of&lt;Fun(Arg)&gt;::type test_result_impl(Fun fun, Arg arg)
</pre></div>
<p>Instead, please use <tt>decltype()</tt> where possible for now.</p>
</body>
</html>