- Updated documentation to use CSS and <div> instead of blockquotes
git-svn-id: https://swig.svn.sourceforge.net/svnroot/swig/trunk@7003 626c5289-ae23-0410-ae9c-e8d60b6d4f22
This commit is contained in:
John Lenz
parent
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35 changed files with 8013 additions and 4099 deletions
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@ -2,11 +2,13 @@
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<html>
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<head>
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<title>Argument Handling</title>
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<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="style.css"/>
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</head>
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<body bgcolor="#ffffff">
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<H1><a name="Arguments"></a>9 Argument Handling</H1>
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<!-- INDEX -->
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<div class="sectiontoc">
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<ul>
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<li><a href="#Arguments_nn2">The typemaps.i library</a>
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<ul>
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@ -23,6 +25,7 @@
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<li><a href="#Arguments_nn11">Applying constraints to new datatypes</a>
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</ul>
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</ul>
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</div>
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<!-- INDEX -->
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@ -44,19 +47,23 @@ describes some of the techniques for doing this.
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<H2><a name="Arguments_nn2"></a>9.1 The typemaps.i library</H2>
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<p>
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This section describes the <tt>typemaps.i</tt> library file--commonly used to
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change certain properties of argument conversion.
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</p>
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<H3><a name="Arguments_nn3"></a>9.1.1 Introduction</H3>
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<p>
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Suppose you had a C function like this:
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</p>
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<blockquote><pre>
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<div class="code"><pre>
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void add(double a, double b, double *result) {
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*result = a + b;
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}
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</pre></blockquote>
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</pre></div>
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<p>
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From reading the source code, it is clear that the function is storing
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@ -70,14 +77,14 @@ One way to deal with this is to use the
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<tt>typemaps.i</tt> library file and write interface code like this:
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</p>
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<blockquote><pre>
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<div class="code"><pre>
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// Simple example using typemaps
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%module example
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%include "typemaps.i"
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%apply double *OUTPUT { double *result };
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extern void add(double a, double b, double *result);
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</pre></blockquote>
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</pre></div>
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<p>
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The <tt>%apply</tt> directive tells SWIG that you are going to apply
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@ -91,25 +98,27 @@ When the resulting module is created, you can now use the function
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like this (shown for Python):
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</p>
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<blockquote><pre>
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<div class="code"><pre>
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>>> a = add(3,4)
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>>> print a
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7
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>>>
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</pre></blockquote>
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</pre></div>
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<p>
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In this case, you can see how the output value normally returned in
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the third argument has magically been transformed into a function
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return value. Clearly this makes the function much easier to use
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since it is no longer necessary to manufacture a special <tt>double
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*</tt> object and pass it to the function somehow.
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</p>
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<p>
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Once a typemap has been applied to a type, it stays in effect for all future occurrences
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of the type and name. For example, you could write the following:
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</p>
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<blockquote><pre>
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<div class="code"><pre>
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%module example
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%include "typemaps.i"
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@ -119,16 +128,18 @@ extern void sub(double a, double b, double *result);
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extern void mul(double a, double b, double *result);
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extern void div(double a, double b, double *result);
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...
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</pre></blockquote>
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</pre></div>
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<p>
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In this case, the <tt>double *OUTPUT</tt> rule is applied to all of the functions that follow.
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</p>
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<p>
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Typemap transformations can even be extended to multiple return values.
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For example, consider this code:
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</p>
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<blockquote>
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<div class="code">
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<pre>
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%include "typemaps.i"
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%apply int *OUTPUT { int *width, int *height };
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@ -136,11 +147,13 @@ For example, consider this code:
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// Returns a pair (width,height)
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void getwinsize(int winid, int *width, int *height);
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</pre>
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</blockquote>
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</div>
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<p>
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In this case, the function returns multiple values, allowing it to be used like this:
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</p>
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<blockquote><pre>
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<div class="code"><pre>
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>>> w,h = genwinsize(wid)
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>>> print w
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400
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@ -148,7 +161,7 @@ In this case, the function returns multiple values, allowing it to be used like
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300
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>>>
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</pre>
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</blockquote>
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</div>
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<p>
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It should also be noted that although the <tt>%apply</tt> directive is
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@ -156,22 +169,24 @@ used to associate typemap rules to datatypes, you can also use the
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rule names directly in arguments. For example, you could write this:
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</p>
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<blockquote><pre>
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<div class="code"><pre>
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// Simple example using typemaps
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%module example
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%include "typemaps.i"
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extern void add(double a, double b, double *OUTPUT);
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</pre></blockquote>
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</pre></div>
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<p>
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Typemaps stay in effect until they are explicitly deleted or redefined to something
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else. To clear a typemap, the <tt>%clear</tt> directive should be used. For example:
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</p>
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<blockquote>
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<div class="code">
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<pre>
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%clear double *result; // Remove all typemaps for double *result
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</pre>
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</blockquote>
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</div>
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<H3><a name="Arguments_nn4"></a>9.1.2 Input parameters</H3>
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@ -181,7 +196,7 @@ The following typemaps instruct SWIG that a pointer really only holds a single
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input value:
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</p>
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<blockquote><pre>
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<div class="code"><pre>
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int *INPUT
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short *INPUT
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long *INPUT
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@ -190,34 +205,38 @@ unsigned short *INPUT
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unsigned long *INPUT
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double *INPUT
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float *INPUT
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</pre></blockquote>
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</pre></div>
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<p>
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When used, it allows values to be passed instead of pointers. For example, consider this
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function:
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</p>
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<blockquote><pre>
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<div class="code"><pre>
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double add(double *a, double *b) {
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return *a+*b;
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}
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</pre></blockquote>
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</pre></div>
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<p>
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Now, consider this SWIG interface:
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</p>
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<blockquote><pre>
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<div class="code"><pre>
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%module example
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%include "typemaps.i"
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...
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extern double add(double *INPUT, double *INPUT);
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</pre></blockquote>
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</pre></div>
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<p>
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When the function is used in the scripting language interpreter, it will work like this:
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</p>
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<blockquote><pre>
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<div class="code"><pre>
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result = add(3,4)
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</pre></blockquote>
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</pre></div>
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<H3><a name="Arguments_nn5"></a>9.1.3 Output parameters</H3>
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@ -228,7 +247,7 @@ function. When used, you do not need to supply the argument when
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calling the function. Instead, one or more output values are returned.
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</p>
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<blockquote><pre>
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<div class="code"><pre>
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int *OUTPUT
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short *OUTPUT
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long *OUTPUT
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@ -238,47 +257,51 @@ unsigned long *OUTPUT
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double *OUTPUT
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float *OUTPUT
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</pre></blockquote>
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</pre></div>
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<p>
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These methods can be used as shown in an earlier example. For example, if you have this C function :</p>
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<blockquote><pre>
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<div class="code"><pre>
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void add(double a, double b, double *c) {
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*c = a+b;
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}
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</pre></blockquote>
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</pre></div>
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<p>
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A SWIG interface file might look like this :</p>
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<blockquote><pre>
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<div class="code"><pre>
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%module example
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%include "typemaps.i"
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...
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extern void add(double a, double b, double *OUTPUT);
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</pre></blockquote>
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</pre></div>
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<p>
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In this case, only a single output value is returned, but this is not
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a restriction. An arbitrary number of output values can be returned by applying
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the output rules to more than one argument (as shown previously).
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</p>
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<p>
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If the function also returns a value, it is returned along with the argument. For example,
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if you had this:
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</p>
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<blockquote><pre>
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<div class="code"><pre>
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extern int foo(double a, double b, double *OUTPUT);
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</pre></blockquote>
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</pre></div>
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<p>
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The function will return two values like this:
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</p>
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<blockquote>
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<div class="code">
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<pre>
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iresult, dresult = foo(3.5, 2)
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</pre>
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</blockquote>
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</div>
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<H3><a name="Arguments_nn6"></a>9.1.4 Input/Output parameters</H3>
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@ -287,7 +310,7 @@ iresult, dresult = foo(3.5, 2)
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When a pointer serves as both an input and output value you can use
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the following typemaps :</p>
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<blockquote><pre>
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<div class="code"><pre>
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int *INOUT
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short *INOUT
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long *INOUT
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@ -297,43 +320,45 @@ unsigned long *INOUT
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double *INOUT
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float *INOUT
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</pre></blockquote>
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</pre></div>
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<p>
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A C function that uses this might be something like this:</p>
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<blockquote><pre>
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<div class="code"><pre>
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void negate(double *x) {
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*x = -(*x);
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}
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</pre></blockquote>
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</pre></div>
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<p>
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To make x function as both and input and output value, declare the
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function like this in an interface file :</p>
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<blockquote><pre>
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<div class="code"><pre>
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%module example
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%include typemaps.i
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...
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extern void negate(double *INOUT);
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</pre></blockquote>
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</pre></div>
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<p>
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Now within a script, you can simply call the function normally :</p>
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<blockquote><pre>
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<div class="code"><pre>
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a = negate(3); # a = -3 after calling this
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</pre></blockquote>
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</pre></div>
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<p>
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One subtle point of the <tt>INOUT</tt> rule is that many scripting languages
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enforce mutability constraints on primitive objects (meaning that simple objects
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like integers and strings aren't supposed to change). Because of this, you can't
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just modify the object's value in place as the underlying C function does in this example.
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Therefore, the <tt>INOUT</tt> rule returns the modified value as a new object
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rather than directly overwriting the value of the original input object.
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</p>
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<p>
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<b>Compatibility note :</b> The <tt>INOUT</tt> rule used to be known as <tt>BOTH</tt> in earlier versions of
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@ -348,7 +373,7 @@ As previously shown, the <tt>%apply</tt> directive can be used to apply the <tt>
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<tt>INOUT</tt> typemaps to different argument names. For example:
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</p>
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<blockquote><pre>
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<div class="code"><pre>
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// Make double *result an output value
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%apply double *OUTPUT { double *result };
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@ -358,25 +383,31 @@ As previously shown, the <tt>%apply</tt> directive can be used to apply the <tt>
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// Make long *x inout
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%apply long *INOUT {long *x};
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</pre></blockquote>
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</pre></div>
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<p>
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To clear a rule, the <tt>%clear</tt> directive is used:
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</p>
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<blockquote><pre>
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<div class="code"><pre>
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%clear double *result;
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%clear Int32 *in, long *x;
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</pre></blockquote>
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</pre></div>
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<p>
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Typemap declarations are lexically scoped so a typemap takes effect from the point of definition to the end of the
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file or a matching <tt>%clear</tt> declaration.
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</p>
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<H2><a name="Arguments_nn8"></a>9.2 Applying constraints to input values</H2>
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<p>
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In addition to changing the handling of various input values, it is
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also possible to use typemaps to apply constraints. For example, maybe you want to
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insure that a value is positive, or that a pointer is non-NULL. This
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can be accomplished including the <tt>constraints.i</tt> library file.
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</p>
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<H3><a name="Arguments_nn9"></a>9.2.1 Simple constraint example</H3>
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@ -385,7 +416,7 @@ can be accomplished including the <tt>constraints.i</tt> library file.
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The constraints library is best illustrated by the following interface
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file :</p>
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<blockquote><pre>
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<div class="code"><pre>
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// Interface file with constraints
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%module example
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%include "constraints.i"
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@ -396,7 +427,7 @@ double sqrt(double NONNEGATIVE); // Non-negative values only
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double inv(double NONZERO); // Non-zero values
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void free(void *NONNULL); // Non-NULL pointers only
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</pre></blockquote>
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</pre></div>
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<p>
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The behavior of this file is exactly as you would expect. If any of
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@ -410,7 +441,7 @@ values, prevent mysterious program crashes and so on.</p>
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<p>
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The following constraints are currently available</p>
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<blockquote><pre>
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<div class="code"><pre>
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POSITIVE Any number > 0 (not zero)
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NEGATIVE Any number < 0 (not zero)
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NONNEGATIVE Any number >= 0
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@ -418,7 +449,7 @@ NONPOSITIVE Any number <= 0
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NONZERO Nonzero number
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NONNULL Non-NULL pointer (pointers only).
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</pre></blockquote>
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</pre></div>
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<H3><a name="Arguments_nn11"></a>9.2.3 Applying constraints to new datatypes</H3>
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@ -428,24 +459,24 @@ The constraints library only supports the primitive C datatypes, but it
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is easy to apply it to new datatypes using <tt>%apply</tt>. For
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example :</p>
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<blockquote><pre>
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<div class="code"><pre>
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// Apply a constraint to a Real variable
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%apply Number POSITIVE { Real in };
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// Apply a constraint to a pointer type
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%apply Pointer NONNULL { Vector * };
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</pre></blockquote>
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</pre></div>
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<p>
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The special types of "Number" and "Pointer" can be applied to any
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numeric and pointer variable type respectively. To later remove a
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constraint, the <tt>%clear</tt> directive can be used :</p>
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<blockquote><pre>
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<div class="code"><pre>
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%clear Real in;
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%clear Vector *;
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</pre></blockquote>
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</pre></div>
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</body>
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</html>
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