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Overhaul updating to what SWIG really does - ie more emphasis on proxy classes over the low level accessor functions

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William S Fulton 2006-06-29 21:18:33 +00:00
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@ -124,9 +124,8 @@ type checking, error handling, and other low-level details of the C++ binding.
These wrappers are also sufficient to bind C++ into any target language These wrappers are also sufficient to bind C++ into any target language
that supports built-in procedures. In some sense, you might view this that supports built-in procedures. In some sense, you might view this
layer of wrapping as providing a C library interface to C++. layer of wrapping as providing a C library interface to C++.
Optionally, SWIG can also generate proxy classes On top of the low-level procedural (flattened) interface, SWIG generates proxy classes
that provide a natural OO interface to the underlying code. These proxies that provide a natural object-oriented (OO) interface to the underlying code. The proxy classes are typically
are built on top of the low-level procedural wrappers and are typically
written in the target language itself. For instance, in Python, a real written in the target language itself. For instance, in Python, a real
Python class is used to provide a wrapper around the underlying C++ object. Python class is used to provide a wrapper around the underlying C++ object.
</p> </p>
@ -134,8 +133,8 @@ Python class is used to provide a wrapper around the underlying C++ object.
<p> <p>
It is important to emphasize that SWIG takes a deliberately It is important to emphasize that SWIG takes a deliberately
conservative and non-intrusive approach to C++ wrapping. SWIG does not conservative and non-intrusive approach to C++ wrapping. SWIG does not
encapsulate C++ classes inside special C++ adaptor or proxy classes, encapsulate C++ classes inside a special C++ adaptor, it does not rely
it does not rely upon templates, nor does it use C++ inheritance when upon templates, nor does it add in additional C++ inheritance when
generating wrappers. The last thing that most C++ programs need is generating wrappers. The last thing that most C++ programs need is
even more compiler magic. Therefore, SWIG tries to maintain a very even more compiler magic. Therefore, SWIG tries to maintain a very
strict and clean separation between the implementation of your C++ strict and clean separation between the implementation of your C++
@ -148,11 +147,10 @@ with C++, it is safe, simple, portable, and debuggable.
</p> </p>
<p> <p>
Most of this chapter focuses on the low-level procedural interface to Some of this chapter focuses on the low-level procedural interface to
C++ that is used as the foundation for all language modules. Keep in C++ that is used as the foundation for all language modules. Keep in
mind that most target languages also provide a high-level OO interface via mind that the target languages also provide the high-level OO interface via
proxy classes. A few general details about proxies can be found at the end of proxy classes. More detailed coverage can be found in the documentation
this chapter. However, more detailed coverage can be found in the documentation
for each target language. for each target language.
</p> </p>
@ -221,11 +219,271 @@ $ c++ example_wrap.o $(OBJS) -o example.so
</div> </div>
<p> <p>
Unfortunately, the process varies slightly on each machine. Make sure Unfortunately, the process varies slightly on each platform. Make sure
you refer to the documentation on each target language for further you refer to the documentation on each target language for further
details. The SWIG Wiki also has further details. details. The SWIG Wiki also has further details.
</p> </p>
<b>Compatibility Note:</b> Early versions of SWIG generated just a flattened low-level C style API to C++ classes by default.
The <tt>-noproxy</tt> commandline option is recognised by many target languages and will generate just this
interface as in earlier versions.
<H2><a name="SWIGPlus_nn38"></a>6.27 Proxy classes</H2>
<p>
In order to provide a natural mapping from C++ classes to the target language classes, SWIG's target
languages mostly wrap C++ classes with special proxy classes. These
proxy classes are typically implemented in the target language itself.
For example, if you're building a Python module, each C++ class is
wrapped by a Python proxy class. Or if you're building a Java module, each
C++ class is wrapped by a Java proxy class.
</p>
<H3><a name="SWIGPlus_nn39"></a>6.27.1 Construction of proxy classes</H3>
<p>
Proxy classes are always constructed as an extra layer of wrapping that uses low-level
accessor functions. To illustrate, suppose you had a
C++ class like this:
</p>
<div class="code">
<pre>
class Foo {
public:
Foo();
~Foo();
int bar(int x);
int x;
};
</pre>
</div>
<p>
Using C++ as pseudocode, a proxy class looks something like this:
</p>
<div class="code">
<pre>
class FooProxy {
private:
Foo *self;
public:
FooProxy() {
self = new_Foo();
}
~FooProxy() {
delete_Foo(self);
}
int bar(int x) {
return Foo_bar(self,x);
}
int x_get() {
return Foo_x_get(self);
}
void x_set(int x) {
Foo_x_set(self,x);
}
};
</pre>
</div>
<p>
Of course, always keep in mind that the real proxy class is written in the target language.
For example, in Python, the proxy might look roughly like this:
</p>
<div class="targetlang">
<pre>
class Foo:
def __init__(self):
self.this = new_Foo()
def __del__(self):
delete_Foo(self.this)
def bar(self,x):
return Foo_bar(self.this,x)
def __getattr__(self,name):
if name == 'x':
return Foo_x_get(self.this)
...
def __setattr__(self,name,value):
if name == 'x':
Foo_x_set(self.this,value)
...
</pre>
</div>
<p>
Again, it's important to emphasize that the low-level accessor functions are always used by the
proxy classes.
Whenever possible, proxies try to take advantage of language features that are similar to C++. This
might include operator overloading, exception handling, and other features.
</p>
<H3><a name="SWIGPlus_nn40"></a>6.27.2 Resource management in proxies</H3>
<p>
A major issue with proxies concerns the memory management of wrapped objects. Consider the following
C++ code:
</p>
<div class="code">
<pre>
class Foo {
public:
Foo();
~Foo();
int bar(int x);
int x;
};
class Spam {
public:
Foo *value;
...
};
</pre>
</div>
<p>
Consider some script code that uses these classes:
</p>
<div class="targetlang">
<pre>
f = Foo() # Creates a new Foo
s = Spam() # Creates a new Spam
s.value = f # Stores a reference to f inside s
g = s.value # Returns stored reference
g = 4 # Reassign g to some other value
del f # Destroy f
</pre>
</div>
<p>
Now, ponder the resulting memory management issues. When objects are
created in the script, the objects are wrapped by newly created proxy
classes. That is, there is both a new proxy class instance and a new
instance of the underlying C++ class. In this example, both
<tt>f</tt> and <tt>s</tt> are created in this way. However, the
statement <tt>s.value</tt> is rather curious---when executed, a
pointer to <tt>f</tt> is stored inside another object. This means
that the scripting proxy class <em>AND</em> another C++ class share a
reference to the same object. To make matters even more interesting,
consider the statement <tt>g = s.value</tt>. When executed, this
creates a new proxy class <tt>g</tt> that provides a wrapper around the
C++ object stored in <tt>s.value</tt>. In general, there is no way to
know where this object came from---it could have been created by the
script, but it could also have been generated internally. In this
particular example, the assignment of <tt>g</tt> results in a second
proxy class for <tt>f</tt>. In other words, a reference to <tt>f</tt>
is now shared by two proxy classes <em>and</em> a C++ class.
</p>
<p>
Finally, consider what happens when objects are destroyed. In the
statement, <tt>g=4</tt>, the variable <tt>g</tt> is reassigned. In
many languages, this makes the old value of <tt>g</tt> available for
garbage collection. Therefore, this causes one of the proxy classes
to be destroyed. Later on, the statement <tt>del f</tt> destroys the
other proxy class. Of course, there is still a reference to the
original object stored inside another C++ object. What happens to it?
Is the object still valid?
</p>
<p>
To deal with memory management problems, proxy classes provide an API
for controlling ownership. In C++ pseudocode, ownership control might look
roughly like this:
</p>
<div class="code">
<pre>
class FooProxy {
public:
Foo *self;
int thisown;
FooProxy() {
self = new_Foo();
thisown = 1; // Newly created object
}
~FooProxy() {
if (thisown) delete_Foo(self);
}
...
// Ownership control API
void disown() {
thisown = 0;
}
void acquire() {
thisown = 1;
}
};
class FooPtrProxy: public FooProxy {
public:
FooPtrProxy(Foo *s) {
self = s;
thisown = 0;
}
};
class SpamProxy {
...
FooProxy *value_get() {
return FooPtrProxy(Spam_value_get(self));
}
void value_set(FooProxy *v) {
Spam_value_set(self,v-&gt;self);
v-&gt;disown();
}
...
};
</pre>
</div>
<p>
Looking at this code, there are a few central features:
</p>
<ul>
<li>Each proxy class keeps an extra flag to indicate ownership. C++ objects are only destroyed
if the ownership flag is set.
</li>
<li>When new objects are created in the target language, the ownership flag is set.
</li>
<li>When a reference to an internal C++ object is returned, it is wrapped by a proxy
class, but the proxy class does not have ownership.
</li>
<li>In certain cases, ownership is adjusted. For instance, when a value is assigned to the member of
a class, ownership is lost.
</li>
<li>Manual ownership control is provided by special <tt>disown()</tt> and <tt>acquire()</tt> methods.
</li>
</ul>
<p>
Given the tricky nature of C++ memory management, it is impossible for proxy classes to automatically handle
every possible memory management problem. However, proxies do provide a mechanism for manual control that
can be used (if necessary) to address some of the more tricky memory management problems.
</p>
<H3><a name="SWIGPlus_nn41"></a>6.27.3 Language specific details</H3>
<p>
Language specific details on proxy classes are contained in the chapters describing each target language. This
chapter has merely introduced the topic in a very general way.
</p>
<H2><a name="SWIGPlus_nn6"></a>6.5 Simple C++ wrapping</H2> <H2><a name="SWIGPlus_nn6"></a>6.5 Simple C++ wrapping</H2>
@ -256,8 +514,7 @@ static void print(List *l);
<p> <p>
To generate wrappers for this class, SWIG first reduces the class to a collection of low-level C-style To generate wrappers for this class, SWIG first reduces the class to a collection of low-level C-style
accessor functions. The next few sections describe this process. Later parts of the chapter describe a higher accessor functions which are then used by the proxy classes.
level interface based on proxy classes.
</p> </p>
<H3><a name="SWIGPlus_nn7"></a>6.5.1 Constructors and destructors</H3> <H3><a name="SWIGPlus_nn7"></a>6.5.1 Constructors and destructors</H3>
@ -282,7 +539,7 @@ void delete_List(List *l) {
<p> <p>
Following the C++ rules for implicit constructor and destructors, SWIG Following the C++ rules for implicit constructor and destructors, SWIG
will try to automatically generate them even when they are not will automatically assume there is one even when they are not
explicitly declared in the class interface. explicitly declared in the class interface.
</p> </p>
@ -293,17 +550,17 @@ In general then:
<ul> <ul>
<li> <li>
If a C++ class does not declare any explicit constructor, SWIG will If a C++ class does not declare any explicit constructor, SWIG will
automatically generate one. automatically generate a wrapper for one.
</li> </li>
<li> <li>
If a C++ class does not declare a explicit copy constructor, SWIG will If a C++ class does not declare an explicit copy constructor, SWIG will
automatically generate one. automatically generate a wrapper for one if the <tt>%copyctor</tt> is used.
</li> </li>
<li> <li>
If a C++ class does not declare an explicit destructor, SWIG will If a C++ class does not declare an explicit destructor, SWIG will
automatically create one. automatically generate a wrapper for one.
</li> </li>
</ul> </ul>
@ -334,16 +591,17 @@ class defines a non-public default constructor or destructor.
<p> <p>
SWIG should never generate a default constructor, copy constructor or SWIG should never generate a default constructor, copy constructor or
default destructor for a class in which it is illegal to do so. In default destructor wrapper for a class in which it is illegal to do so. In
some cases, however, it could be necessary (if the complete class some cases, however, it could be necessary (if the complete class
declaration is not visible from SWIG, and one of the above rules is declaration is not visible from SWIG, and one of the above rules is
violated) or desired (to reduce the size of the final interface) to violated) or desired (to reduce the size of the final interface) by
disable the implicit constructor/desctructor generation manually. manually disabling the implicit constructor/destructor generation.
</p> </p>
<p> <p>
To do so, the <tt>%nodefaultctor</tt> and <tt>%nodefaultdtor</tt> To manually disable these, the <tt>%nodefaultctor</tt> and <tt>%nodefaultdtor</tt>
directives can be used. Note that these directives only affects the <a href="Customization.html#Customization_feature_flags">feature flag</a> directives
can be used. Note that these directives only affects the
implicit generation, and they have no effect if the default/copy implicit generation, and they have no effect if the default/copy
constructors or destructor are explicitly declared in the class constructors or destructor are explicitly declared in the class
interface. interface.
@ -356,7 +614,7 @@ For example:
<div class="code"> <div class="code">
<pre> <pre>
%nodefaultctor Foo; // Disable the default constructor for class Foo. %nodefaultctor Foo; // Disable the default constructor for class Foo.
class Foo { // No default constructor is generated, unless is declared class Foo { // No default constructor is generated, unless one is declared
... ...
}; };
class Bar { // A default constructor is generated, if possible class Bar { // A default constructor is generated, if possible
@ -372,12 +630,12 @@ The directive <tt>%nodefaultctor</tt> can also be applied "globally", as in:
<div class="code"> <div class="code">
<pre> <pre>
%nodefaultctor; // Disable creation of default constructors %nodefaultctor; // Disable creation of default constructors
class Foo { // No default constructor is generated, unless is declared class Foo { // No default constructor is generated, unless one is declared
... ...
}; };
class Bar { class Bar {
public: public:
Bar(); // The default constructor is generated, since is declared Bar(); // The default constructor is generated, since one is declared
}; };
%clearnodefaultctor; // Enable the creation of default constructors again %clearnodefaultctor; // Enable the creation of default constructors again
</pre> </pre>
@ -394,7 +652,7 @@ in well known cases. For example:
<div class="code"> <div class="code">
<pre> <pre>
%nodefaultdtor Foo; // Disable the implicit/default destructor for class Foo. %nodefaultdtor Foo; // Disable the implicit/default destructor for class Foo.
class Foo { // No destructor is generated, unless is declared class Foo { // No destructor is generated, unless one is declared
... ...
}; };
</pre> </pre>
@ -418,11 +676,10 @@ those sections in the interface or using <tt>%nodefault</tt> to fix the problem.
</p> </p>
<p> <p>
<b>Note:</b> The above described <tt>%nodefault</tt> <b>Note:</b> The <tt>%nodefault</tt>
directive/<tt>-nodefault</tt> option, which disable both the default directive/<tt>-nodefault</tt> options described above, which disable both the default
constructor and the the implicit destructors, could lead to memory constructor and the implicit destructors, could lead to memory
leaks across the target languages, and is highly recommended you don't leaks, and so it is strongly recommended to not use them.
use them.
</p> </p>
@ -529,8 +786,8 @@ then the copy constructor can be used as follows:
<div class="targetlang"> <div class="targetlang">
<pre> <pre>
x = new_List() # Create a list x = List() # Create a list
y = new_List(x) # Copy list x y = List(x) # Copy list x
</pre> </pre>
</div> </div>
@ -561,6 +818,23 @@ Constructors such as <tt>X(const X &amp;)</tt>, <tt>X(X &amp;)</tt>, and
<b>Note:</b> SWIG does <em>not</em> generate a copy constructor <b>Note:</b> SWIG does <em>not</em> generate a copy constructor
wrapper unless one is explicitly declared in the class. This differs wrapper unless one is explicitly declared in the class. This differs
from the treatment of default constructors and destructors. from the treatment of default constructors and destructors.
However, copy constructor wrappers can be generated if using the <tt>copyctor</tt>
<a href="Customization.html#Customization_feature_flags">feature flag</a>. For example:
</p>
<div class="code">
<pre>
%copyctor List;
class List {
public:
List();
};
</pre>
</div>
<p>
Will generate a copy constructor wrapper for <tt>List</tt>.
</p> </p>
<p> <p>
@ -611,7 +885,7 @@ It should be noted that SWIG does not <em>actually</em> create a C accessor
function in the code it generates. Instead, member access such as function in the code it generates. Instead, member access such as
<tt>obj-&gt;search(value)</tt> is directly inlined into the generated <tt>obj-&gt;search(value)</tt> is directly inlined into the generated
wrapper functions. However, the name and calling convention of the wrapper functions. However, the name and calling convention of the
wrappers match the accessor function prototype described above. low-level procedural wrappers match the accessor function prototype described above.
</p> </p>
<H3><a name="SWIGPlus_nn12"></a>6.5.6 Static members</H3> <H3><a name="SWIGPlus_nn12"></a>6.5.6 Static members</H3>
@ -624,11 +898,6 @@ transformations. For example, the static member function
in the generated wrapper code. in the generated wrapper code.
</p> </p>
<p>
Usually, static members are accessed as functions with names in which the class name has been
prepended with an underscore. For example, <tt>List_print</tt>.
</p>
<H3><a name="SWIGPlus_member_data"></a>6.5.7 Member data</H3> <H3><a name="SWIGPlus_member_data"></a>6.5.7 Member data</H3>
@ -649,8 +918,9 @@ int List_length_set(List *obj, int value) {
</pre></div> </pre></div>
<p> <p>
A read-only member can be created using the <tt>%immutable</tt> and A read-only member can be created using the <tt>%immutable</tt> and <tt>%mutable</tt>
<tt>%mutable</tt> directives. For example, we probably wouldn't want <a href="Customization.html#Customization_feature_flags">feature flag</a> directive.
For example, we probably wouldn't want
the user to change the length of a list so we could do the following the user to change the length of a list so we could do the following
to make the value available, but read-only.</p> to make the value available, but read-only.</p>
@ -700,7 +970,7 @@ public:
</div> </div>
<p> <p>
then access to the <tt>items</tt> member actually uses pointers. For example: then the low-level accessor to the <tt>items</tt> member actually uses pointers. For example:
</p> </p>
<div class="code"> <div class="code">
@ -725,7 +995,7 @@ This can be somewhat unnatural for some types.
For example, a user would expect the STL std::string class member variables to be wrapped as a string in the target language, For example, a user would expect the STL std::string class member variables to be wrapped as a string in the target language,
rather than a pointer to this class. rather than a pointer to this class.
The const reference typemaps offer this type of marshalling, so there is a feature to tell SWIG to use the const reference typemaps rather than the pointer typemaps. The const reference typemaps offer this type of marshalling, so there is a feature to tell SWIG to use the const reference typemaps rather than the pointer typemaps.
It is the <tt>%naturalvar</tt> feature and is used as follows: It is the <tt>%naturalvar</tt> directive and is used as follows:
</p> </p>
<div class="code"> <div class="code">
@ -745,7 +1015,9 @@ struct Foo {
</div> </div>
<p> <p>
The observant reader will notice that <tt>%naturalvar</tt> works like any other <a href="Customization.html#features">feature</a>, except it can also be attached to class types. The observant reader will notice that <tt>%naturalvar</tt> works like any other
<a href="Customization.html#Customization_feature_flags">feature flag</a> directive,
except it can also be attached to class types.
The first of the example usages above show <tt>%naturalvar</tt> attaching to the <tt>List</tt> class. The first of the example usages above show <tt>%naturalvar</tt> attaching to the <tt>List</tt> class.
Effectively this feature changes the way accessors are generated to the following: Effectively this feature changes the way accessors are generated to the following:
</p> </p>
@ -765,7 +1037,7 @@ void Foo_items_set(Foo *self, const List &amp;value) {
In fact it is generally a good idea to use this feature globally as the reference typemaps have extra NULL checking compared to the pointer typemaps. In fact it is generally a good idea to use this feature globally as the reference typemaps have extra NULL checking compared to the pointer typemaps.
A pointer can be NULL, whereas a reference cannot, so the extra checking ensures that the target language user does not pass in a value that translates A pointer can be NULL, whereas a reference cannot, so the extra checking ensures that the target language user does not pass in a value that translates
to a NULL pointer and thereby preventing any potential NULL pointer dereferences. to a NULL pointer and thereby preventing any potential NULL pointer dereferences.
The <tt>%naturalvar</tt> feature will also apply to global variables in some language modules, eg C# and Java. The <tt>%naturalvar</tt> feature will apply to global variables in addition to member variables in some language modules, eg C# and Java.
</p> </p>
<p> <p>
@ -857,7 +1129,7 @@ The <a href="#ambiguity_resolution_renaming">Ambiguity resolution and renaming</
also deals with using <tt>%rename</tt> and <tt>%ignore</tt> on methods with default arguments. also deals with using <tt>%rename</tt> and <tt>%ignore</tt> on methods with default arguments.
If you are writing your own typemaps for types used in methods with default arguments, you may also need to write a <tt>typecheck</tt> typemap. If you are writing your own typemaps for types used in methods with default arguments, you may also need to write a <tt>typecheck</tt> typemap.
See the <a href="Typemaps.html#Typemaps_overloading">Typemaps and overloading</a> section for details or otherwise See the <a href="Typemaps.html#Typemaps_overloading">Typemaps and overloading</a> section for details or otherwise
use the <tt>compactdefaultargs</tt> feature as mentioned below. use the <tt>compactdefaultargs</tt> feature flag as mentioned below.
</p> </p>
<p> <p>
@ -865,7 +1137,8 @@ use the <tt>compactdefaultargs</tt> feature as mentioned below.
Instead a single wrapper method was generated and the default values were copied into the C++ wrappers Instead a single wrapper method was generated and the default values were copied into the C++ wrappers
so that the method being wrapped was then called with all the arguments specified. so that the method being wrapped was then called with all the arguments specified.
If the size of the wrappers are a concern then this approach to wrapping methods with default arguments If the size of the wrappers are a concern then this approach to wrapping methods with default arguments
can be re-activated by using the <tt>compactdefaultargs</tt> <a href="Customization.html#features">feature</a>. can be re-activated by using the <tt>compactdefaultargs</tt>
<a href="Customization.html#Customization_feature_flags">feature flag</a>.
</p> </p>
<div class="code"> <div class="code">
@ -966,7 +1239,7 @@ Members declared as <tt>const</tt> are wrapped as read-only members and do not c
<p> <p>
Friend declarations are not longer ignored by SWIG. For example, if Friend declarations are recognised by SWIG. For example, if
you have this code: you have this code:
</p> </p>
@ -999,7 +1272,7 @@ void blah(Foo *f);
<p> <p>
A friend declaration, as in C++, is understood to be in the same scope A friend declaration, as in C++, is understood to be in the same scope
where the class is declared, hence, you can do where the class is declared, hence, you can have
</p> </p>
<div class="code"> <div class="code">
@ -1038,7 +1311,8 @@ public:
</pre></div> </pre></div>
<p> <p>
is accessed using a function similar to this:</p> has a low-level accessor
</p>
<div class="code"><pre> <div class="code"><pre>
double Foo_bar(Foo *obj, double *a) { double Foo_bar(Foo *obj, double *a) {
@ -1081,7 +1355,7 @@ public:
</div> </div>
<p> <p>
Generates code like this: Generates an accessor like this:
</p> </p>
<div class="code"> <div class="code">
@ -1221,7 +1495,7 @@ multiple inheritance.
<p> SWIG treats private or protected inheritance as close to the C++ <p> SWIG treats private or protected inheritance as close to the C++
spirit, and target language capabilities, as possible. In most of the spirit, and target language capabilities, as possible. In most of the
cases, this means that swig will parse the non-public inheritance cases, this means that SWIG will parse the non-public inheritance
declarations, but that will have no effect in the generated code, declarations, but that will have no effect in the generated code,
besides the implicit policies derived for constructor and besides the implicit policies derived for constructor and
destructors. destructors.
@ -1263,8 +1537,8 @@ public:
</pre></div> </pre></div>
<p> <p>
When wrapped into Python, we can now perform the following operations When wrapped into Python, we can perform the following operations (shown using the low level Python accessors):
:</p> </p>
<div class="targetlang"><pre> <div class="targetlang"><pre>
$ python $ python
@ -1308,20 +1582,20 @@ the attributes <tt>x</tt> and <tt>y</tt> are generated as
</p> </p>
<p> <p>
Although the low-level C-like interface is functional, most language Note that there is a one to one correlation between the low-level accessor functions and
modules also produce a higher level OO interface using proxy classes. the proxy methods and therefore there is also a one to one correlation between
This approach is described later and can be used to provide a more natural C++ interface. the C++ class methods and the generated proxy class methods.
</p> </p>
<p> <p>
<b>Note:</b> For the best results, SWIG requires all <b>Note:</b> For the best results, SWIG requires all
base classes to be defined in an interface. Otherwise, you may get an base classes to be defined in an interface. Otherwise, you may get a
warning message like this: warning message like this:
</p> </p>
<div class="shell"> <div class="shell">
<pre> <pre>
example:18. Nothing known about class 'Foo'. Ignored. example.i:18: Warning(401): Nothing known about base class 'Foo'. Ignored.
</pre> </pre>
</div> </div>
@ -1335,7 +1609,8 @@ silence the warning, you might consider using the <tt>%import</tt>
directive to include the file that defines <tt>Foo</tt>. directive to include the file that defines <tt>Foo</tt>.
<tt>%import</tt> simply gathers type information, but doesn't generate <tt>%import</tt> simply gathers type information, but doesn't generate
wrappers. Alternatively, you could just define <tt>Foo</tt> as an empty class wrappers. Alternatively, you could just define <tt>Foo</tt> as an empty class
in the SWIG interface. in the SWIG interface or use
<a href="Warnings.html#Warnings_suppression">warning suppression</a>.
</p> </p>
<p> <p>
@ -1502,66 +1777,19 @@ generated wrappers to correctly cast pointer values under inheritance
</p> </p>
<p> <p>
One might be inclined to fix this problem using some variation of Some of the language modules are able to solve the problem by storing multiple instance of the pointer, for example, <tt>A *</tt>,
<tt>dynamic_cast&lt;&gt;</tt>. The only problem is that it doesn't in the A proxy class and <tt>C *</tt> in the C proxy class. The correct cast can then be made:
work with <tt>void</tt> pointers, it requires RTTI support, and it
only works with polymorphic classes (i.e., classes that define one or
more virtual functions).
</p> </p>
<p> <div class="code">
The bottom line: learn to live with type-tagged pointers. <pre>
</p> C *c = new C();
void *p = (void *) c;
<H2><a name="SWIGPlus_nn22"></a>6.14 Renaming</H2>
<p>
C++ member functions and data can be renamed with the <tt>%name</tt>
directive. The <tt>%name</tt> directive only replaces the member
function name. For example :</p>
<div class="code"><pre>
class List {
public:
List();
%name(ListSize) List(int maxsize);
~List();
int search(char *value);
%name(find) void insert(char *);
%name(delete) void remove(char *);
char *get(int n);
int length;
static void print(List *l);
};
</pre></div>
<p>
This will create the functions <tt>List_find</tt>,
<tt>List_delete</tt>, and a function named <tt>new_ListSize</tt> for
the overloaded constructor.</p>
<p>
The <tt>%name </tt>directive can be applied to all members including
constructors, destructors, static functions, data members, and
enumeration values.</p>
<p>
The class name prefix can also be changed by specifying </p>
<div class="code"><pre>
%name(newname) class List {
... ...
} int x = A_function((C *) p);
</pre></div> int y = B_function((C *) p);
</pre>
<p> </div>
Although the <tt>%name()</tt> directive can be used to help deal with
overloaded methods, it really doesn't work very well because it
requires a lot of additional markup in your interface. Keep reading
for a better solution.
</p>
<H2><a name="SWIGPlus_overloaded_methods"></a>6.15 Wrapping Overloaded Functions and Methods</H2> <H2><a name="SWIGPlus_overloaded_methods"></a>6.15 Wrapping Overloaded Functions and Methods</H2>
@ -2295,7 +2523,7 @@ than dynamically typed languages like Perl, Python, Ruby, and Tcl.
<p> <p>
Starting in SWIG-1.3.10, C++ overloaded operator declarations can be wrapped. C++ overloaded operator declarations can be wrapped.
For example, consider a class like this: For example, consider a class like this:
</p> </p>
@ -2534,7 +2762,7 @@ chapter for further details.
<p> <p>
<b>Compatibility note:</b> The <tt>%extend</tt> directive is a new <b>Compatibility note:</b> The <tt>%extend</tt> directive is a new
name for the <tt>%addmethods</tt> directive. Since <tt>%addmethods</tt> could name for the <tt>%addmethods</tt> directive in SWIG1.1. Since <tt>%addmethods</tt> could
be used to extend a structure with more than just methods, a more suitable be used to extend a structure with more than just methods, a more suitable
directive name has been chosen. directive name has been chosen.
</p> </p>
@ -2543,7 +2771,7 @@ directive name has been chosen.
<p> <p>
In all versions of SWIG, template type names may appear anywhere a type Template type names may appear anywhere a type
is expected in an interface file. For example: is expected in an interface file. For example:
</p> </p>
@ -3842,7 +4070,7 @@ just a single catch handler for the base class, <tt>EBase</tt> will be generated
<p> <p>
Starting with SWIG1.3.7, there is limited parsing support for pointers to C++ class members. Starting with SWIG-1.3.7, there is limited parsing support for pointers to C++ class members.
For example: For example:
</p> </p>
@ -4409,265 +4637,6 @@ using another tool if maintaining constness is the most important part
of your project. of your project.
</p> </p>
<H2><a name="SWIGPlus_nn38"></a>6.27 Proxy classes</H2>
<p>
In order to provide a more natural API, SWIG's target
languages wrap C++ classes with special proxy classes. These
proxy classes are typically implemented in the target language itself.
For example, if you're building a Python module, each C++ class is
wrapped by a Python class. Or if you're building a Java module, each
C++ class is wrapped by a Java class.
</p>
<H3><a name="SWIGPlus_nn39"></a>6.27.1 Construction of proxy classes</H3>
<p>
Proxy classes are always constructed as an extra layer of wrapping that uses the low-level
accessor functions described in the previous section. To illustrate, suppose you had a
C++ class like this:
</p>
<div class="code">
<pre>
class Foo {
public:
Foo();
~Foo();
int bar(int x);
int x;
};
</pre>
</div>
<p>
Using C++ as pseudocode, a proxy class looks something like this:
</p>
<div class="code">
<pre>
class FooProxy {
private:
Foo *self;
public:
FooProxy() {
self = new_Foo();
}
~FooProxy() {
delete_Foo(self);
}
int bar(int x) {
return Foo_bar(self,x);
}
int x_get() {
return Foo_x_get(self);
}
void x_set(int x) {
Foo_x_set(self,x);
}
};
</pre>
</div>
<p>
Of course, always keep in mind that the real proxy class is written in the target language.
For example, in Python, the proxy might look roughly like this:
</p>
<div class="targetlang">
<pre>
class Foo:
def __init__(self):
self.this = new_Foo()
def __del__(self):
delete_Foo(self.this)
def bar(self,x):
return Foo_bar(self.this,x)
def __getattr__(self,name):
if name == 'x':
return Foo_x_get(self.this)
...
def __setattr__(self,name,value):
if name == 'x':
Foo_x_set(self.this,value)
...
</pre>
</div>
<p>
Again, it's important to emphasize that the low-level accessor functions are always used to construct the
proxy classes.
</p>
<p>
Whenever possible, proxies try to take advantage of language features that are similar to C++. This
might include operator overloading, exception handling, and other features.
</p>
<H3><a name="SWIGPlus_nn40"></a>6.27.2 Resource management in proxies</H3>
<p>
A major issue with proxies concerns the memory management of wrapped objects. Consider the following
C++ code:
</p>
<div class="code">
<pre>
class Foo {
public:
Foo();
~Foo();
int bar(int x);
int x;
};
class Spam {
public:
Foo *value;
...
};
</pre>
</div>
<p>
Now, consider some script code that uses these classes:
</p>
<div class="targetlang">
<pre>
f = Foo() # Creates a new Foo
s = Spam() # Creates a new Spam
s.value = f # Stores a reference to f inside s
g = s.value # Returns stored reference
g = 4 # Reassign g to some other value
del f # Destroy f
</pre>
</div>
<p>
Now, ponder the resulting memory management issues. When objects are
created in the script, the objects are wrapped by newly created proxy
classes. That is, there is both a new proxy class instance and a new
instance of the underlying C++ class. In this example, both
<tt>f</tt> and <tt>s</tt> are created in this way. However, the
statement <tt>s.value</tt> is rather curious---when executed, a
pointer to <tt>f</tt> is stored inside another object. This means
that the scripting proxy class <em>AND</em> another C++ class share a
reference to the same object. To make matters even more interesting,
consider the statement <tt>g = s.value</tt>. When executed, this
creates a new proxy class <tt>g</tt> that provides a wrapper around the
C++ object stored in <tt>s.value</tt>. In general, there is no way to
know where this object came from---it could have been created by the
script, but it could also have been generated internally. In this
particular example, the assignment of <tt>g</tt> results in a second
proxy class for <tt>f</tt>. In other words, a reference to <tt>f</tt>
is now shared by two proxy classes <em>and</em> a C++ class.
</p>
<p>
Finally, consider what happens when objects are destroyed. In the
statement, <tt>g=4</tt>, the variable <tt>g</tt> is reassigned. In
many languages, this makes the old value of <tt>g</tt> available for
garbage collection. Therefore, this causes one of the proxy classes
to be destroyed. Later on, the statement <tt>del f</tt> destroys the
other proxy class. Of course, there is still a reference to the
original object stored inside another C++ object. What happens to it?
Is it the object still valid?
</p>
<p>
To deal with memory management problems, proxy classes always provide an API
for controlling ownership. In C++ pseudocode, ownership control might look
roughly like this:
</p>
<div class="code">
<pre>
class FooProxy {
public:
Foo *self;
int thisown;
FooProxy() {
self = new_Foo();
thisown = 1; // Newly created object
}
~FooProxy() {
if (thisown) delete_Foo(self);
}
...
// Ownership control API
void disown() {
thisown = 0;
}
void acquire() {
thisown = 1;
}
};
class FooPtrProxy: public FooProxy {
public:
FooPtrProxy(Foo *s) {
self = s;
thisown = 0;
}
};
class SpamProxy {
...
FooProxy *value_get() {
return FooPtrProxy(Spam_value_get(self));
}
void value_set(FooProxy *v) {
Spam_value_set(self,v-&gt;self);
v-&gt;disown();
}
...
};
</pre>
</div>
<p>
Looking at this code, there are a few central features:
</p>
<ul>
<li>Each proxy class keeps an extra flag to indicate ownership. C++ objects are only destroyed
if the ownership flag is set.
</li>
<li>When new objects are created in the target language, the ownership flag is set.
</li>
<li>When a reference to an internal C++ object is returned, it is wrapped by a proxy
class, but the proxy class does not have ownership.
</li>
<li>In certain cases, ownership is adjusted. For instance, when a value is assigned to the member of
a class, ownership is lost.
</li>
<li>Manual ownership control is provided by special <tt>disown()</tt> and <tt>acquire()</tt> methods.
</li>
</ul>
<p>
Given the tricky nature of C++ memory management, it is impossible for proxy classes to automatically handle
every possible memory management problem. However, proxies do provide a mechanism for manual control that
can be used (if necessary) to address some of the more tricky memory management problems.
</p>
<H3><a name="SWIGPlus_nn41"></a>6.27.3 Language specific details</H3>
<p>
Language specific details on proxy classes are contained in the chapters describing each target language. This
chapter has merely introduced the topic in a very general way.
</p>
<H2><a name="SWIGPlus_nn42"></a>6.28 Where to go for more information</H2> <H2><a name="SWIGPlus_nn42"></a>6.28 Where to go for more information</H2>