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@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
</head>
<body bgcolor="#ffffff">
<H1><a name="Extending"></a>32 Extending SWIG to support new languages</H1>
<H1><a name="Extending"></a>33 Extending SWIG to support new languages</H1>
<!-- INDEX -->
<div class="sectiontoc">
<ul>
@ -72,7 +72,7 @@
<H2><a name="Extending_nn2"></a>32.1 Introduction</H2>
<H2><a name="Extending_nn2"></a>33.1 Introduction</H2>
<p>
@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ Also, this chapter is not meant to be a hand-holding tutorial. As a starting po
you should probably look at one of SWIG's existing modules.
</p>
<H2><a name="Extending_nn3"></a>32.2 Prerequisites</H2>
<H2><a name="Extending_nn3"></a>33.2 Prerequisites</H2>
<p>
@ -118,7 +118,7 @@ obvious, but almost all SWIG directives as well as the low-level generation of
wrapper code are driven by C++ datatypes.
</p>
<H2><a name="Extending_nn4"></a>32.3 The Big Picture</H2>
<H2><a name="Extending_nn4"></a>33.3 The Big Picture</H2>
<p>
@ -155,7 +155,7 @@ role in making the system work. For example, both typemaps and declaration anno
based on pattern matching and interact heavily with the underlying type system.
</p>
<H2><a name="Extending_nn5"></a>32.4 Execution Model</H2>
<H2><a name="Extending_nn5"></a>33.4 Execution Model</H2>
<p>
@ -200,7 +200,7 @@ latter stage of compilation.
The next few sections briefly describe some of these stages.
</p>
<H3><a name="Extending_nn6"></a>32.4.1 Preprocessing</H3>
<H3><a name="Extending_nn6"></a>33.4.1 Preprocessing</H3>
<p>
@ -280,7 +280,7 @@ been expanded as well as everything else that goes into the low-level
construction of the wrapper code.
</p>
<H3><a name="Extending_nn7"></a>32.4.2 Parsing</H3>
<H3><a name="Extending_nn7"></a>33.4.2 Parsing</H3>
<p>
@ -381,7 +381,7 @@ returning a <tt>foo</tt> and taking types <tt>a</tt> and <tt>b</tt> as
arguments).
</p>
<H3><a name="Extending_nn8"></a>32.4.3 Parse Trees</H3>
<H3><a name="Extending_nn8"></a>33.4.3 Parse Trees</H3>
<p>
@ -634,7 +634,7 @@ $ swig -c++ -python -dump_module example.i
</pre>
</div>
<H3><a name="Extending_nn9"></a>32.4.4 Attribute namespaces</H3>
<H3><a name="Extending_nn9"></a>33.4.4 Attribute namespaces</H3>
<p>
@ -653,7 +653,7 @@ that matches the name of the target language. For example, <tt>python:foo</tt>
<tt>perl:foo</tt>.
</p>
<H3><a name="Extending_nn10"></a>32.4.5 Symbol Tables</H3>
<H3><a name="Extending_nn10"></a>33.4.5 Symbol Tables</H3>
<p>
@ -741,7 +741,7 @@ example.i:5. Previous declaration is foo_i(int )
</pre>
</div>
<H3><a name="Extending_nn11"></a>32.4.6 The %feature directive</H3>
<H3><a name="Extending_nn11"></a>33.4.6 The %feature directive</H3>
<p>
@ -797,7 +797,7 @@ For example, the exception code above is simply
stored without any modifications.
</p>
<H3><a name="Extending_nn12"></a>32.4.7 Code Generation</H3>
<H3><a name="Extending_nn12"></a>33.4.7 Code Generation</H3>
<p>
@ -919,7 +919,7 @@ public :
The role of these functions is described shortly.
</p>
<H3><a name="Extending_nn13"></a>32.4.8 SWIG and XML</H3>
<H3><a name="Extending_nn13"></a>33.4.8 SWIG and XML</H3>
<p>
@ -932,7 +932,7 @@ internal data structures, it may be useful to keep XML in the back of
your mind as a model.
</p>
<H2><a name="Extending_nn14"></a>32.5 Primitive Data Structures</H2>
<H2><a name="Extending_nn14"></a>33.5 Primitive Data Structures</H2>
<p>
@ -978,7 +978,7 @@ typedef Hash Typetab;
</pre>
</div>
<H3><a name="Extending_nn15"></a>32.5.1 Strings</H3>
<H3><a name="Extending_nn15"></a>33.5.1 Strings</H3>
<p>
@ -1119,7 +1119,7 @@ Returns the number of replacements made (if any).
</div>
<H3><a name="Extending_nn16"></a>32.5.2 Hashes</H3>
<H3><a name="Extending_nn16"></a>33.5.2 Hashes</H3>
<p>
@ -1196,7 +1196,7 @@ Returns the list of hash table keys.
</div>
<H3><a name="Extending_nn17"></a>32.5.3 Lists</H3>
<H3><a name="Extending_nn17"></a>33.5.3 Lists</H3>
<p>
@ -1285,7 +1285,7 @@ If <tt>t</tt> is not a standard object, it is assumed to be a <tt>char *</tt>
and is used to create a String object.
</div>
<H3><a name="Extending_nn18"></a>32.5.4 Common operations</H3>
<H3><a name="Extending_nn18"></a>33.5.4 Common operations</H3>
The following operations are applicable to all datatypes.
@ -1340,7 +1340,7 @@ objects and report errors.
Gets the line number associated with <tt>x</tt>.
</div>
<H3><a name="Extending_nn19"></a>32.5.5 Iterating over Lists and Hashes</H3>
<H3><a name="Extending_nn19"></a>33.5.5 Iterating over Lists and Hashes</H3>
To iterate over the elements of a list or a hash table, the following functions are used:
@ -1385,7 +1385,7 @@ for (j = First(j); j.item; j= Next(j)) {
</div>
<H3><a name="Extending_nn20"></a>32.5.6 I/O</H3>
<H3><a name="Extending_nn20"></a>33.5.6 I/O</H3>
Special I/O functions are used for all internal I/O. These operations
@ -1521,7 +1521,7 @@ Similarly, the preprocessor and parser all operate on string-files.
</div>
<H2><a name="Extending_nn21"></a>32.6 Navigating and manipulating parse trees</H2>
<H2><a name="Extending_nn21"></a>33.6 Navigating and manipulating parse trees</H2>
Parse trees are built as collections of hash tables. Each node is a hash table in which
@ -1655,7 +1655,7 @@ Deletes a node from the parse tree. Deletion reconnects siblings and properly u
the parent so that sibling nodes are unaffected.
</div>
<H2><a name="Extending_nn22"></a>32.7 Working with attributes</H2>
<H2><a name="Extending_nn22"></a>33.7 Working with attributes</H2>
<p>
@ -1772,7 +1772,7 @@ the attribute is optional. <tt>Swig_restore()</tt> must always be called after
function.
</div>
<H2><a name="Extending_nn23"></a>32.8 Type system</H2>
<H2><a name="Extending_nn23"></a>33.8 Type system</H2>
<p>
@ -1781,7 +1781,7 @@ pointers, references, and pointers to members. A detailed discussion of
type theory is impossible here. However, let's cover the highlights.
</p>
<H3><a name="Extending_nn24"></a>32.8.1 String encoding of types</H3>
<H3><a name="Extending_nn24"></a>33.8.1 String encoding of types</H3>
<p>
@ -1882,7 +1882,7 @@ make the final type, the two parts are just joined together using
string concatenation.
</p>
<H3><a name="Extending_nn25"></a>32.8.2 Type construction</H3>
<H3><a name="Extending_nn25"></a>33.8.2 Type construction</H3>
<p>
@ -2051,7 +2051,7 @@ Returns the prefix of a type. For example, if <tt>ty</tt> is
<tt>ty</tt> is unmodified.
</div>
<H3><a name="Extending_nn26"></a>32.8.3 Type tests</H3>
<H3><a name="Extending_nn26"></a>33.8.3 Type tests</H3>
<p>
@ -2138,7 +2138,7 @@ Checks if <tt>ty</tt> is a varargs type.
Checks if <tt>ty</tt> is a templatized type.
</div>
<H3><a name="Extending_nn27"></a>32.8.4 Typedef and inheritance</H3>
<H3><a name="Extending_nn27"></a>33.8.4 Typedef and inheritance</H3>
<p>
@ -2240,7 +2240,7 @@ Fully reduces <tt>ty</tt> according to typedef rules. Resulting datatype
will consist only of primitive typenames.
</div>
<H3><a name="Extending_nn28"></a>32.8.5 Lvalues</H3>
<H3><a name="Extending_nn28"></a>33.8.5 Lvalues</H3>
<p>
@ -2277,7 +2277,7 @@ Literal y; // type = 'Literal', ltype='p.char'
</pre>
</div>
<H3><a name="Extending_nn29"></a>32.8.6 Output functions</H3>
<H3><a name="Extending_nn29"></a>33.8.6 Output functions</H3>
<p>
@ -2339,7 +2339,7 @@ SWIG, but is most commonly associated with type-descriptor objects
that appear in wrappers (e.g., <tt>SWIGTYPE_p_double</tt>).
</div>
<H2><a name="Extending_nn30"></a>32.9 Parameters</H2>
<H2><a name="Extending_nn30"></a>33.9 Parameters</H2>
<p>
@ -2438,7 +2438,7 @@ included. Used to emit prototypes.
Returns the number of required (non-optional) arguments in <tt>p</tt>.
</div>
<H2><a name="Extending_nn31"></a>32.10 Writing a Language Module</H2>
<H2><a name="Extending_nn31"></a>33.10 Writing a Language Module</H2>
<p>
@ -2453,7 +2453,7 @@ describes the creation of a minimal Python module. You should be able to extra
this to other languages.
</p>
<H3><a name="Extending_nn32"></a>32.10.1 Execution model</H3>
<H3><a name="Extending_nn32"></a>33.10.1 Execution model</H3>
<p>
@ -2463,7 +2463,7 @@ the parsing of command line options, all aspects of code generation are controll
different methods of the <tt>Language</tt> that must be defined by your module.
</p>
<H3><a name="Extending_nn33"></a>32.10.2 Starting out</H3>
<H3><a name="Extending_nn33"></a>33.10.2 Starting out</H3>
<p>
@ -2571,7 +2571,7 @@ that activates your module. For example, <tt>swig -python foo.i</tt>. The
messages from your new module should appear.
</p>
<H3><a name="Extending_nn34"></a>32.10.3 Command line options</H3>
<H3><a name="Extending_nn34"></a>33.10.3 Command line options</H3>
<p>
@ -2630,7 +2630,7 @@ to mark the option as valid. If you forget to do this, SWIG will terminate wit
unrecognized command line option error.
</p>
<H3><a name="Extending_nn35"></a>32.10.4 Configuration and preprocessing</H3>
<H3><a name="Extending_nn35"></a>33.10.4 Configuration and preprocessing</H3>
<p>
@ -2679,7 +2679,7 @@ an implementation file <tt>python.cxx</tt> and a configuration file
<tt>python.swg</tt>.
</p>
<H3><a name="Extending_nn36"></a>32.10.5 Entry point to code generation</H3>
<H3><a name="Extending_nn36"></a>33.10.5 Entry point to code generation</H3>
<p>
@ -2737,7 +2737,7 @@ int Python::top(Node *n) {
</pre>
</div>
<H3><a name="Extending_nn37"></a>32.10.6 Module I/O and wrapper skeleton</H3>
<H3><a name="Extending_nn37"></a>33.10.6 Module I/O and wrapper skeleton</H3>
<!-- please report bugs in this section to mgossage -->
@ -2879,7 +2879,7 @@ functionWrapper : void Shape_y_set(Shape *self,double y)
</pre>
</div>
<H3><a name="Extending_nn38"></a>32.10.7 Low-level code generators</H3>
<H3><a name="Extending_nn38"></a>33.10.7 Low-level code generators</H3>
<!-- please report bugs in this section to mgossage -->
@ -3033,7 +3033,7 @@ but without the typemaps, there is still work to do.
</p>
<H3><a name="Extending_nn39"></a>32.10.8 Configuration files</H3>
<H3><a name="Extending_nn39"></a>33.10.8 Configuration files</H3>
<!-- please report bugs in this section to ttn -->
@ -3183,7 +3183,7 @@ politely displays the ignoring language message.
</dl>
<H3><a name="Extending_nn40"></a>32.10.9 Runtime support</H3>
<H3><a name="Extending_nn40"></a>33.10.9 Runtime support</H3>
<p>
@ -3192,7 +3192,7 @@ Discuss the kinds of functions typically needed for SWIG runtime support (e.g.
the SWIG files that implement those functions.
</p>
<H3><a name="Extending_nn41"></a>32.10.10 Standard library files</H3>
<H3><a name="Extending_nn41"></a>33.10.10 Standard library files</H3>
<p>
@ -3211,7 +3211,7 @@ The following are the minimum that are usually supported:
Please copy these and modify for any new language.
</p>
<H3><a name="Extending_nn42"></a>32.10.11 Examples and test cases</H3>
<H3><a name="Extending_nn42"></a>33.10.11 Examples and test cases</H3>
<p>
@ -3240,7 +3240,7 @@ during this process, see the section on <a href="#n37a">configuration
files</a>.
</p>
<H3><a name="Extending_nn43"></a>32.10.12 Documentation</H3>
<H3><a name="Extending_nn43"></a>33.10.12 Documentation</H3>
<p>
@ -3272,7 +3272,7 @@ Some topics that you'll want to be sure to address include:
if available.
</ul>
<H3><a name="Extending_prerequisites"></a>32.10.13 Prerequisites for adding a new language module to the SWIG distribution</H3>
<H3><a name="Extending_prerequisites"></a>33.10.13 Prerequisites for adding a new language module to the SWIG distribution</H3>
<p>
@ -3327,13 +3327,13 @@ the existing tests.
</p>
<H2><a name="Extending_nn44"></a>32.11 Typemaps</H2>
<H2><a name="Extending_nn44"></a>33.11 Typemaps</H2>
<H3><a name="Extending_nn45"></a>32.11.1 Proxy classes</H3>
<H3><a name="Extending_nn45"></a>33.11.1 Proxy classes</H3>
<H2><a name="Extending_nn46"></a>32.12 Guide to parse tree nodes</H2>
<H2><a name="Extending_nn46"></a>33.12 Guide to parse tree nodes</H2>
<p>