Add stateful HD-rumble decoder with TinyUSB report normalization

Decode Nintendo HD-rumble words once in firmware into conventional low/high magnitudes and normalize stripped control SET_REPORT vs complete interrupt OUT reports through one path.

CMakeLists.txt

@@ -87,6 +87,7 @@ endif()
 add_executable(switch-pico
         switch-pico.cpp
         switch_pro_driver.cpp
+        switch_haptics.cpp
 )
 if(SWITCH_PICO_INPUT_BACKEND STREQUAL "BLUEPAD32")
     target_sources(switch-pico PRIVATE bluepad32_input_backend.cpp)

README.md

@@ -102,6 +102,18 @@ RUMBLE (force feedback)
                  -> [SDL3 haptics] -> [Any controller motors]
 ```
 
+### HD rumble translation
+
+Nintendo sends two stateful four-byte HD-rumble actuator words. Each word can carry full or relative high/low frequency and amplitude commands with up to three subsamples; amplitude uses a logarithmic curve. The Pico decodes both words once in `SwitchHapticsDecoder`, retains actuator state across packets, and reduces the result to conventional low/strong and high/weak motor magnitudes. SDL3 and Bluepad32 cannot reproduce the original linear-actuator frequencies or left/right spatial effects, but they receive the correct nonlinear band amplitudes.
+
+The UART return frame carries the decoded result rather than raw HD-rumble bytes:
+
+```text
+0xBB, 0x02, low-frequency magnitude, high-frequency magnitude, checksum
+```
+
+The checksum is the sum of the first four bytes modulo 256. Firmware and Python bridge versions from before this change are not rumble-protocol compatible; controller input framing remains unchanged.
+
 ## Hardware wiring (Pico)
 - UART1 pins (fixed in firmware):
   - **TX**: GPIO4 (Pico pin 6) → RX of your USB-serial adapter.

bluepad32_input_backend.cpp

@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 
 #include <limits.h>
 #include <stddef.h>
-#include <string.h>
 
 #include <btstack_run_loop.h>
 #include <pico/critical_section.h>
@@ -23,10 +22,6 @@ constexpr uint16_t kRumbleDurationMs = 50;
 constexpr uint32_t kRumblePollIntervalMs = 5;
 constexpr uint kRumbleQueueDepth = 8;
 
-struct RumblePacket {
-    uint8_t bytes[8];
-};
-
 critical_section_t g_state_lock;
 queue_t g_rumble_queue;
 SwitchInputState g_shared_state;
@@ -172,28 +167,9 @@ SwitchInputState map_gamepad(const uni_gamepad_t& gamepad) {
     return state;
 }
 
-void decode_rumble(const uint8_t bytes[8], uint8_t* left_magnitude, uint8_t* right_magnitude) {
-    static constexpr uint8_t kNeutralPacket[8] = {0x00, 0x01, 0x40, 0x40, 0x00, 0x01, 0x40, 0x40};
-    if (memcmp(bytes, kNeutralPacket, sizeof(kNeutralPacket)) == 0) {
-        *left_magnitude = 0;
-        *right_magnitude = 0;
-        return;
-    }
-
-    uint16_t right_raw = static_cast<uint16_t>(((bytes[1] & 0x03) << 8) | bytes[0]);
-    uint16_t left_raw = static_cast<uint16_t>(((bytes[5] & 0x03) << 8) | bytes[4]);
-    if (left_raw < 8 && right_raw < 8) {
-        left_raw = 0;
-        right_raw = 0;
-    }
-
-    *left_magnitude = static_cast<uint8_t>((left_raw * UINT8_MAX + 511) / 1023);
-    *right_magnitude = static_cast<uint8_t>((right_raw * UINT8_MAX + 511) / 1023);
-}
-
 void process_rumble_timer(btstack_timer_source_t* timer) {
-    RumblePacket packet{};
+    SwitchRumbleOutput packet{};
-    RumblePacket latest{};
+    SwitchRumbleOutput latest{};
     bool have_packet = false;
     while (queue_try_remove(&g_rumble_queue, &packet)) {
         latest = packet;
@@ -202,13 +178,9 @@ void process_rumble_timer(btstack_timer_source_t* timer) {
 
     if (have_packet && g_active_device != nullptr &&
         g_active_device->report_parser.play_dual_rumble != nullptr) {
-        uint8_t left_magnitude = 0;
-        uint8_t right_magnitude = 0;
-        decode_rumble(latest.bytes, &left_magnitude, &right_magnitude);
-        // Bluepad orders the weak (high-frequency) motor before the strong
-        // (low-frequency) motor; the project decoder names those right/left.
         g_active_device->report_parser.play_dual_rumble(
-            g_active_device, 0, kRumbleDurationMs, right_magnitude, left_magnitude);
+            g_active_device, 0, kRumbleDurationMs,
+            latest.high_frequency_magnitude, latest.low_frequency_magnitude);
     }
 
     btstack_run_loop_set_timer(timer, kRumblePollIntervalMs);
@@ -337,7 +309,7 @@ void bluepad32_input_backend_init() {
     }
 
     critical_section_init(&g_state_lock);
-    queue_init(&g_rumble_queue, sizeof(RumblePacket), kRumbleQueueDepth);
+    queue_init(&g_rumble_queue, sizeof(SwitchRumbleOutput), kRumbleQueueDepth);
     g_shared_state = make_neutral_state();
     g_shared_controller_active = false;
     g_shared_generation = 0;
@@ -387,16 +359,14 @@ void bluepad32_input_backend_report_sent() {
     g_consumed_generation = g_last_snapshot_generation;
 }
 
-void bluepad32_input_backend_queue_rumble(const uint8_t rumble[8]) {
+void bluepad32_input_backend_queue_rumble(const SwitchRumbleOutput& rumble) {
-    if (!g_initialized || rumble == nullptr) {
+    if (!g_initialized) {
         return;
     }
 
-    RumblePacket packet{};
+    if (!queue_try_add(&g_rumble_queue, &rumble)) {
-    memcpy(packet.bytes, rumble, sizeof(packet.bytes));
+        SwitchRumbleOutput discarded{};
-    if (!queue_try_add(&g_rumble_queue, &packet)) {
-        RumblePacket discarded{};
         (void)queue_try_remove(&g_rumble_queue, &discarded);
-        (void)queue_try_add(&g_rumble_queue, &packet);
+        (void)queue_try_add(&g_rumble_queue, &rumble);
     }
 }

bluepad32_input_backend.h

@@ -3,9 +3,10 @@
 #include <stdint.h>
 
 #include "switch_pro_driver.h"
+#include "switch_haptics.h"
 
 void bluepad32_input_backend_init();
 void bluepad32_input_backend_start();
 bool bluepad32_input_backend_snapshot(SwitchInputState* out);
 void bluepad32_input_backend_report_sent();
-void bluepad32_input_backend_queue_rumble(const uint8_t rumble[8]);
+void bluepad32_input_backend_queue_rumble(const SwitchRumbleOutput& rumble);

src/switch_pico_bridge/__init__.py

@@ -10,7 +10,6 @@ from .switch_pico_uart import (  # noqa: F401
     SwitchDpad,
     SwitchUARTClient,
     axis_to_stick,
-    decode_rumble,
     discover_serial_ports,
     first_serial_port,
     str_to_dpad,
@@ -24,7 +23,6 @@ __all__ = [
     "discover_serial_ports",
     "first_serial_port",
     "axis_to_stick",
-    "decode_rumble",
     "str_to_dpad",
     "trigger_to_button",
 ]

src/switch_pico_bridge/controller_uart_bridge.py

@@ -1,16 +1,17 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python3
 """
-Bridge multiple SDL2 controllers to switch-pico over UART and mirror rumble back.
+Bridge multiple SDL3 controllers to switch-pico over UART and mirror rumble back.
 
 The framing matches ``switch-pico.cpp``:
-  - Host -> Pico : 0xAA, buttons (LE16), hat, lx, ly, rx, ry
+  - Host -> Pico : UART v2 controller report
-  - Pico -> Host : 0xBB, 0x01, 8 rumble bytes, checksum (sum of first 10 bytes)
+  - Pico -> Host : 0xBB, 0x02, low-frequency magnitude,
+                   high-frequency magnitude, checksum
 
 Features inspired by ``host/controller_bridge.py``:
   - Multiple controllers paired to multiple UART ports
   - Rich-powered interactive pairing UI
   - Adjustable send frequency, deadzone, and trigger thresholds
-  - Rumble feedback delivered to SDL2 controllers
+  - Rumble feedback delivered to SDL3 controllers
 """
 
 from __future__ import annotations
@@ -48,15 +49,12 @@ from .switch_pico_uart import (
     SwitchReport,
     axis_to_stick,
     str_to_dpad,
-    decode_rumble,
     discover_serial_ports,
     trigger_to_button,
 )
 
 RUMBLE_IDLE_TIMEOUT = 0.25  # seconds without packets before forcing rumble off
-RUMBLE_STUCK_TIMEOUT = 0.60  # continuous same-energy rumble will be stopped after this
+RUMBLE_DURATION_MS = 50
-RUMBLE_MIN_ACTIVE = 0.40  # below this, rumble is treated as off/noise
-RUMBLE_SCALE = 1.0
 CONTROLLER_DB_URL_DEFAULT = "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/mdqinc/SDL_GameControllerDB/refs/heads/master/gamecontrollerdb.txt"
 SDL_TRUE = True
 SDL_EVENT_GAMEPAD_SENSOR_UPDATE = getattr(sdl3, "SDL_EVENT_GAMEPAD_SENSOR_UPDATE", 0x658)
@@ -199,21 +197,16 @@ def interactive_pairing(
     return mappings
 
 
-def apply_rumble(controller: sdl3.SDL_Gamepad, payload: bytes) -> float:
+def apply_rumble(
-    """Apply rumble payload to SDL controller and return max normalized energy."""
+    controller: sdl3.SDL_Gamepad,
-    left_norm, right_norm = decode_rumble(payload)
+    low_frequency: float,
-    max_norm = max(left_norm, right_norm)
+    high_frequency: float,
-    # Treat small rumble as "off" to avoid idle buzz.
+) -> bool:
-    if max_norm < RUMBLE_MIN_ACTIVE:
+    """Apply normalized low/high rumble magnitudes to an SDL controller."""
-        sdl3.SDL_RumbleGamepad(controller, 0, 0, 0)
+    low = int(max(0.0, min(1.0, low_frequency)) * 0xFFFF)
-        return 0.0
+    high = int(max(0.0, min(1.0, high_frequency)) * 0xFFFF)
-    # Attenuate to feel closer to a real controller; cap at ~25% strength.
+    sdl3.SDL_RumbleGamepad(controller, low, high, RUMBLE_DURATION_MS)
-    scale = RUMBLE_SCALE
+    return low != 0 or high != 0
-    low = int(min(1.0, left_norm * scale) * 0xFFFF)  # SDL: low_frequency_rumble
-    high = int(min(1.0, right_norm * scale) * 0xFFFF)  # SDL: high_frequency_rumble
-    duration = 10
-    sdl3.SDL_RumbleGamepad(controller, low, high, duration)
-    return max_norm
 
 
 @dataclass
@@ -239,9 +232,7 @@ class ControllerContext:
     )
     last_send: float = 0.0
     last_reopen_attempt: float = 0.0
-    last_rumble: float = 0.0
+    last_rumble_at: float = 0.0
-    last_rumble_change: float = 0.0
-    last_rumble_energy: float = 0.0
     rumble_active: bool = False
     axis_offsets: Dict[int, int] = field(default_factory=dict)
     swap_abxy: bool = False
@@ -1134,7 +1125,6 @@ def handle_removed_port(
         ctx.uart = None
         ctx.port = None
         ctx.rumble_active = False
-        ctx.last_rumble_energy = 0.0
         ctx.last_reopen_attempt = time.monotonic()
         console.print(
             f"[yellow]UART {path} removed; controller {ctx.controller_index} waiting for reassignment[/yellow]"
@@ -1574,32 +1564,25 @@ def service_contexts(
                 ctx.uart.send_report(ctx.report)
                 ctx.last_send = now
 
-            last_payload = None
+            latest_rumble = None
             while True:
-                p = ctx.uart.read_rumble_payload()
+                rumble = ctx.uart.read_rumble()
-                if not p:
+                if rumble is None:
                     break
-                last_payload = p
+                latest_rumble = rumble
 
-            if last_payload is not None:
+            if latest_rumble is not None:
-                # Apply only the freshest rumble payload seen during this tick.
+                # Apply only the freshest rumble command seen during this tick.
-                energy = apply_rumble(ctx.controller, last_payload)
+                ctx.rumble_active = apply_rumble(
-                ctx.rumble_active = energy >= RUMBLE_MIN_ACTIVE
+                    ctx.controller, latest_rumble[0], latest_rumble[1]
-                if ctx.rumble_active and energy != ctx.last_rumble_energy:
+                )
-                    ctx.last_rumble_change = now
+                ctx.last_rumble_at = now
-                ctx.last_rumble_energy = energy
-                ctx.last_rumble = now
-            elif ctx.rumble_active and (now - ctx.last_rumble) > RUMBLE_IDLE_TIMEOUT:
-                sdl3.SDL_RumbleGamepad(ctx.controller, 0, 0, 0)
-                ctx.rumble_active = False
-                ctx.last_rumble_energy = 0.0
             elif (
                 ctx.rumble_active
-                and (now - ctx.last_rumble_change) > RUMBLE_STUCK_TIMEOUT
+                and (now - ctx.last_rumble_at) > RUMBLE_IDLE_TIMEOUT
             ):
                 sdl3.SDL_RumbleGamepad(ctx.controller, 0, 0, 0)
                 ctx.rumble_active = False
-                ctx.last_rumble_energy = 0.0
         except SerialException as exc:
             console.print(f"[yellow]UART {ctx.port} disconnected: {exc}[/yellow]")
             try:
@@ -1609,7 +1592,6 @@ def service_contexts(
             sdl3.SDL_RumbleGamepad(ctx.controller, 0, 0, 0)
             ctx.uart = None
             ctx.rumble_active = False
-            ctx.last_rumble_energy = 0.0
             ctx.last_reopen_attempt = now
         except Exception as exc:
             console.print(f"[red]UART error on {ctx.port}: {exc}[/red]")

src/switch_pico_bridge/switch_pico_uart.py

@@ -2,12 +2,13 @@
 """
 Lightweight helpers for talking to the switch-pico firmware over UART.
 
-This module exposes the raw report structure plus a small convenience wrapper
+This module exposes the report structure plus a small convenience wrapper
 so other scripts can do things like "press a button" or "move a stick" without
 depending on SDL. It mirrors the framing in ``switch-pico.cpp``:
 
-  Host -> Pico : 0xAA, buttons (LE16), hat, lx, ly, rx, ry
+  Host -> Pico : UART v2 controller report
-  Pico -> Host : 0xBB, 0x01, 8 rumble bytes, checksum (sum of first 10 bytes)
+  Pico -> Host : 0xBB, 0x02, low-frequency magnitude, high-frequency magnitude,
+                 checksum (sum of the first 4 bytes)
 """
 
 from __future__ import annotations
@@ -26,7 +27,7 @@ from serial.tools import list_ports, list_ports_common
 UART_HEADER = 0xAA
 UART_PROTOCOL_VERSION = 0x02
 RUMBLE_HEADER = 0xBB
-RUMBLE_TYPE_RUMBLE = 0x01
+RUMBLE_TYPE_DECODED = 0x02
 UART_BAUD = 921600
 IMU_SAMPLES_PER_REPORT = 3
 
@@ -300,15 +301,16 @@ class PicoUART:
         """Send a controller report to the Pico."""
         self.serial.write(report.to_bytes())
 
-    def read_rumble_payload(self) -> Optional[bytes]:
+    def read_rumble(self) -> Optional[Tuple[float, float]]:
         """
-        Drain available UART bytes into an internal buffer, then extract one rumble frame.
+        Extract one decoded rumble frame as normalized low/high magnitudes.
 
         Frame format:
           0: 0xBB (RUMBLE_HEADER)
-          1: type (0x01 for rumble)
+          1: type (0x02 for decoded rumble)
-          2-9: 8-byte rumble payload
+          2: low-frequency magnitude (0-255)
-          10: checksum (sum of first 10 bytes) & 0xFF
+          3: high-frequency magnitude (0-255)
+          4: checksum (sum of first 4 bytes) & 0xFF
         """
         waiting = self.serial.in_waiting
         if waiting:
@@ -323,18 +325,18 @@ class PicoUART:
                 self._buffer.clear()
                 return None
 
-            if len(self._buffer) - start < 11:
+            if len(self._buffer) - start < 5:
                 if start > 0:
                     del self._buffer[:start]
                 return None
 
-            frame = self._buffer[start : start + 11]
+            frame = self._buffer[start : start + 5]
-            checksum = compute_checksum(bytes(frame[:10]))
+            checksum = compute_checksum(bytes(frame[:4]))
 
-            if frame[1] == RUMBLE_TYPE_RUMBLE and checksum == frame[10]:
+            if frame[1] == RUMBLE_TYPE_DECODED and checksum == frame[4]:
-                payload = bytes(frame[2:10])
+                rumble = (frame[2] / 255.0, frame[3] / 255.0)
-                del self._buffer[: start + 11]
+                del self._buffer[: start + 5]
-                return payload
+                return rumble
 
             del self._buffer[: start + 1]
 
@@ -343,21 +345,6 @@ class PicoUART:
         self.serial.close()
 
 
-def decode_rumble(payload: bytes) -> Tuple[float, float]:
-    """Return normalized rumble amplitudes (0.0-1.0) for left/right."""
-    if len(payload) < 8:
-        return 0.0, 0.0
-    if payload == b"\x00\x01\x40\x40\x00\x01\x40\x40":
-        return 0.0, 0.0
-    right_raw = ((payload[1] & 0x03) << 8) | payload[0]
-    left_raw = ((payload[5] & 0x03) << 8) | payload[4]
-    if left_raw < 8 and right_raw < 8:
-        return 0.0, 0.0
-    left = min(max(left_raw / 1023.0, 0.0), 1.0)
-    right = min(max(right_raw / 1023.0, 0.0), 1.0)
-    return left, right
-
-
 @dataclass
 class SwitchControllerState:
     """Mutable controller state with helpers for building reports."""
@@ -537,13 +524,10 @@ class SwitchUARTClient:
 
     def poll_rumble(self) -> Optional[Tuple[float, float]]:
         """
-        Poll for the latest rumble payload and return normalized amplitudes.
+        Poll for decoded low/high rumble magnitudes normalized to 0.0-1.0.
         Returns None if no rumble frame was available.
         """
-        payload = self.uart.read_rumble_payload()
+        return self.uart.read_rumble()
-        if payload:
-            return decode_rumble(payload)
-        return None
 
     def close(self) -> None:
         if self._auto_thread:

switch-pico.cpp

@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 #include <stdio.h>
-#include <string.h>
 #include "bsp/board.h"
 #include "pico/stdlib.h"
 #include "tusb.h"
@@ -23,7 +22,7 @@
 #define UART_TX_PIN 4
 #define UART_RX_PIN 5
 #define UART_RUMBLE_HEADER 0xBB
-#define UART_RUMBLE_RUMBLE_TYPE 0x01
+#define UART_RUMBLE_TYPE 0x02
 #endif
 
 static bool g_last_mounted = false;
@@ -51,22 +50,23 @@ static SwitchInputState neutral_input() {
 }
 
 #ifndef SWITCH_PICO_BLUEPAD32
-static void send_rumble_uart_frame(const uint8_t rumble[8]) {
+static void send_rumble_uart_frame(const SwitchRumbleOutput& rumble) {
-    uint8_t frame[11];
+    uint8_t frame[5] = {
-    frame[0] = UART_RUMBLE_HEADER;
+        UART_RUMBLE_HEADER,
-    frame[1] = UART_RUMBLE_RUMBLE_TYPE;
+        UART_RUMBLE_TYPE,
-    memcpy(&frame[2], rumble, 8);
+        rumble.low_frequency_magnitude,
+        rumble.high_frequency_magnitude,
+        0,
+    };
 
-    uint8_t checksum = 0;
+    for (uint8_t i = 0; i < 4; ++i) {
-    for (int i = 0; i < 10; ++i) {
+        frame[4] = static_cast<uint8_t>(frame[4] + frame[i]);
-        checksum = static_cast<uint8_t>(checksum + frame[i]);
     }
-    frame[10] = checksum;
     uart_write_blocking(UART_ID, frame, sizeof(frame));
 }
 #endif
 
-static void on_rumble_from_switch(const uint8_t rumble[8]) {
+static void on_rumble_from_switch(const SwitchRumbleOutput& rumble) {
 #ifdef SWITCH_PICO_BLUEPAD32
     bluepad32_input_backend_queue_rumble(rumble);
 #else

switch_haptics.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,306 @@
+#include "switch_haptics.h"
+
+#include <cmath>
+#include <cstring>
+
+namespace {
+
+enum class CommandAction : uint8_t {
+    Ignore,
+    Default,
+    Substitute,
+    Sum,
+};
+
+struct HapticCommand {
+    CommandAction amplitude_action;
+    CommandAction frequency_action;
+    int16_t amplitude_offset;
+    int16_t frequency_offset;
+};
+
+constexpr HapticCommand kCommands[32] = {
+    {CommandAction::Default, CommandAction::Default, 0, 0},
+    {CommandAction::Substitute, CommandAction::Ignore, 0, 0},
+    {CommandAction::Substitute, CommandAction::Ignore, 240, 0},
+    {CommandAction::Substitute, CommandAction::Ignore, 224, 0},
+    {CommandAction::Substitute, CommandAction::Ignore, 208, 0},
+    {CommandAction::Substitute, CommandAction::Ignore, 192, 0},
+    {CommandAction::Substitute, CommandAction::Ignore, 176, 0},
+    {CommandAction::Substitute, CommandAction::Ignore, 160, 0},
+    {CommandAction::Substitute, CommandAction::Ignore, 144, 0},
+    {CommandAction::Substitute, CommandAction::Ignore, 128, 0},
+    {CommandAction::Substitute, CommandAction::Ignore, 112, 0},
+    {CommandAction::Substitute, CommandAction::Ignore, 96, 0},
+    {CommandAction::Ignore, CommandAction::Substitute, 0, 5},
+    {CommandAction::Ignore, CommandAction::Substitute, 0, 5},
+    {CommandAction::Ignore, CommandAction::Substitute, 0, 0},
+    {CommandAction::Ignore, CommandAction::Substitute, 0, 7},
+    {CommandAction::Ignore, CommandAction::Substitute, 0, 7},
+    {CommandAction::Sum, CommandAction::Sum, 4, 1},
+    {CommandAction::Sum, CommandAction::Ignore, 4, 0},
+    {CommandAction::Sum, CommandAction::Sum, 4, -1},
+    {CommandAction::Sum, CommandAction::Sum, 1, 1},
+    {CommandAction::Sum, CommandAction::Ignore, 1, 0},
+    {CommandAction::Sum, CommandAction::Sum, 1, -1},
+    {CommandAction::Ignore, CommandAction::Sum, 0, 1},
+    {CommandAction::Ignore, CommandAction::Ignore, 0, 0},
+    {CommandAction::Ignore, CommandAction::Sum, 0, -1},
+    {CommandAction::Sum, CommandAction::Sum, -1, 1},
+    {CommandAction::Sum, CommandAction::Ignore, -1, 0},
+    {CommandAction::Sum, CommandAction::Sum, -1, -1},
+    {CommandAction::Sum, CommandAction::Sum, -4, 1},
+    {CommandAction::Sum, CommandAction::Ignore, -4, 0},
+    {CommandAction::Sum, CommandAction::Sum, -4, -1},
+};
+
+constexpr uint32_t kNeutralWord = 0x40400100u;
+constexpr uint8_t kDefaultFrequency = 64;
+
+template <unsigned Shift, uint32_t Mask>
+constexpr uint8_t extract(uint32_t word) {
+    static_assert(Shift < 32u, "32-bit word extraction shift must be bounded");
+    static_assert(Mask <= 0xffu && Mask <= (0xffffffffu >> Shift),
+                  "word extraction mask must fit the shifted byte");
+    return static_cast<uint8_t>((word >> Shift) & Mask);
+}
+
+uint8_t apply_command(CommandAction action, int16_t offset, uint8_t current,
+                      uint8_t default_value, uint8_t maximum) {
+    switch (action) {
+    case CommandAction::Ignore:
+        return current;
+    case CommandAction::Default:
+        return default_value;
+    case CommandAction::Substitute:
+        return static_cast<uint8_t>(offset);
+    case CommandAction::Sum: {
+        int result = static_cast<int>(current) + static_cast<int>(offset);
+        if (result < 0) {
+            result = 0;
+        } else if (result > maximum) {
+            result = maximum;
+        }
+        return static_cast<uint8_t>(result);
+    }
+}
+    return default_value;
+}
+
+uint8_t host_amplitude_to_lut_index(uint8_t host_index) {
+    const unsigned index = host_index & 0x7fu;
+    if (index == 0) {
+        return 0;
+    }
+    if (index < 16) {
+        return static_cast<uint8_t>(7u + 8u * index);
+    }
+    if (index < 32) {
+        return static_cast<uint8_t>(97u + 2u * index);
+    }
+    return static_cast<uint8_t>(128u + index);
+}
+
+uint32_t load_little_endian_word(const uint8_t* bytes) {
+    return static_cast<uint32_t>(bytes[0]) |
+           (static_cast<uint32_t>(bytes[1]) << 8u) |
+           (static_cast<uint32_t>(bytes[2]) << 16u) |
+           (static_cast<uint32_t>(bytes[3]) << 24u);
+}
+
+}  // namespace
+
+size_t normalize_switch_output_report(uint8_t report_id,
+                                      const uint8_t* payload,
+                                      size_t payload_size,
+                                      uint8_t output[64]) {
+    if (payload == nullptr || output == nullptr) {
+        return 0;
+    }
+    if (report_id == 0) {
+        if (payload_size > 64) {
+            return 0;
+        }
+        std::memcpy(output, payload, payload_size);
+        return payload_size;
+    }
+    if (payload_size >= 64) {
+        return 0;
+    }
+    output[0] = report_id;
+    std::memcpy(output + 1, payload, payload_size);
+    return payload_size + 1;
+}
+
+SwitchHapticsDecoder::SwitchHapticsDecoder() {
+    reset();
+}
+
+void SwitchHapticsDecoder::reset_actuator(ActuatorState& state) {
+    state.high_amplitude = 0;
+    state.low_amplitude = 0;
+    state.high_frequency = kDefaultFrequency;
+    state.low_frequency = kDefaultFrequency;
+    state.last_word = 0;
+    state.have_last_word = false;
+}
+
+void SwitchHapticsDecoder::reset() {
+    reset_actuator(actuators_[0]);
+    reset_actuator(actuators_[1]);
+}
+
+SwitchHapticsDecoder::AmplitudePeak SwitchHapticsDecoder::decode_actuator(
+    ActuatorState& state, uint32_t word) {
+    if (word == 0 || word == kNeutralWord) {
+        reset_actuator(state);
+        state.last_word = word;
+        state.have_last_word = true;
+        return {0, 0};
+    }
+
+    if (state.have_last_word && state.last_word == word) {
+        return {state.low_amplitude, state.high_amplitude};
+    }
+    state.last_word = word;
+    state.have_last_word = true;
+
+    AmplitudePeak peak{0, 0};
+    bool decoded = false;
+    const uint8_t frame_count = extract<30u, 0x03u>(word);
+    const uint32_t data = word & 0x3fffffffu;
+
+    if (frame_count == 0) {
+        state.high_amplitude = 0;
+        return {state.low_amplitude, 0};
+    }
+
+    const auto record_sample = [&]() {
+        if (state.low_amplitude > peak.low) {
+            peak.low = state.low_amplitude;
+        }
+        if (state.high_amplitude > peak.high) {
+            peak.high = state.high_amplitude;
+        }
+    };
+
+    const auto apply_pair = [&](bool high_band, uint8_t command_index) {
+        const HapticCommand& command = kCommands[command_index & 0x1fu];
+        uint8_t& amplitude = high_band ? state.high_amplitude : state.low_amplitude;
+        uint8_t& frequency = high_band ? state.high_frequency : state.low_frequency;
+        amplitude = apply_command(command.amplitude_action, command.amplitude_offset,
+                                  amplitude, 0, 255);
+        frequency = apply_command(command.frequency_action, command.frequency_offset,
+                                  frequency, kDefaultFrequency, 127);
+    };
+
+    const auto decode_type_1 = [&]() {
+        const uint8_t high_commands[3] = {
+            extract<20u, 0x1fu>(word),
+            extract<10u, 0x1fu>(word),
+            extract<0u, 0x1fu>(word),
+        };
+        const uint8_t low_commands[3] = {
+            extract<25u, 0x1fu>(word),
+            extract<15u, 0x1fu>(word),
+            extract<5u, 0x1fu>(word),
+        };
+        for (uint8_t sample = 0; sample < frame_count; ++sample) {
+            apply_pair(true, high_commands[sample]);
+            apply_pair(false, low_commands[sample]);
+            record_sample();
+        }
+        decoded = true;
+    };
+
+    if (frame_count == 1) {
+        if ((data & 0x000fffffu) == 0) {
+            decode_type_1();
+        } else if ((data & 0x03u) == 0) {
+            state.high_frequency = extract<2u, 0x7fu>(word);
+            state.high_amplitude = host_amplitude_to_lut_index(extract<9u, 0x7fu>(word));
+            state.low_frequency = extract<16u, 0x7fu>(word);
+            state.low_amplitude = host_amplitude_to_lut_index(extract<23u, 0x7fu>(word));
+            record_sample();
+            decoded = true;
+        } else if ((data & 0x02u) != 0) {
+            const bool high_band = extract<0u, 0x01u>(word) != 0;
+            const bool frequency_selected = extract<2u, 0x01u>(word) != 0;
+            const uint8_t value = extract<23u, 0x7fu>(word);
+            if (frequency_selected) {
+                if (high_band) {
+                    state.high_frequency = value;
+                } else {
+                    state.low_frequency = value;
+                }
+            } else if (high_band) {
+                state.high_amplitude = host_amplitude_to_lut_index(value);
+            } else {
+                state.low_amplitude = host_amplitude_to_lut_index(value);
+            }
+            record_sample();
+            decoded = true;
+        }
+    } else if (frame_count == 2) {
+        if ((data & 0x03ffu) == 0) {
+            decode_type_1();
+        } else {
+            const bool high_band = extract<0u, 0x01u>(word) != 0;
+            const uint8_t frequency = extract<1u, 0x7fu>(word);
+            const uint8_t command = extract<18u, 0x1fu>(word);
+            const uint8_t amplitude = host_amplitude_to_lut_index(extract<23u, 0x7fu>(word));
+            if (high_band) {
+                state.high_frequency = frequency;
+                state.high_amplitude = amplitude;
+                apply_pair(false, command);
+            } else {
+                state.low_frequency = frequency;
+                state.low_amplitude = amplitude;
+                apply_pair(true, command);
+            }
+            record_sample();
+
+            apply_pair(true, extract<8u, 0x1fu>(word));
+            apply_pair(false, extract<13u, 0x1fu>(word));
+            record_sample();
+            decoded = true;
+        }
+    } else if (frame_count == 3) {
+        decode_type_1();
+    }
+
+    if (!decoded) {
+        return {state.low_amplitude, state.high_amplitude};
+    }
+    return peak;
+}
+
+uint8_t SwitchHapticsDecoder::amplitude_to_magnitude(uint8_t amplitude_index) {
+    if (amplitude_index < 2) {
+        return 0;
+    }
+
+    const double exponent = -8.0 + static_cast<double>(amplitude_index) / 32.0;
+    const double scaled = std::exp2(exponent) * 255.0;
+    unsigned magnitude = static_cast<unsigned>(scaled + 0.5);
+    if (magnitude > 255u) {
+        magnitude = 255u;
+    }
+    return static_cast<uint8_t>(magnitude);
+}
+
+SwitchRumbleOutput SwitchHapticsDecoder::decode(const uint8_t payload[8]) {
+    AmplitudePeak peaks[2] = {
+        {actuators_[0].low_amplitude, actuators_[0].high_amplitude},
+        {actuators_[1].low_amplitude, actuators_[1].high_amplitude},
+    };
+
+    if (payload != nullptr) {
+        peaks[0] = decode_actuator(actuators_[0], load_little_endian_word(payload));
+        peaks[1] = decode_actuator(actuators_[1], load_little_endian_word(payload + 4));
+    }
+
+    const uint8_t low_peak = peaks[0].low > peaks[1].low ? peaks[0].low : peaks[1].low;
+    const uint8_t high_peak = peaks[0].high > peaks[1].high ? peaks[0].high : peaks[1].high;
+    return {amplitude_to_magnitude(low_peak), amplitude_to_magnitude(high_peak)};
+}

switch_haptics.h

@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+#ifndef SWITCH_HAPTICS_H
+#define SWITCH_HAPTICS_H
+
+#include <stddef.h>
+#include <stdint.h>
+
+struct SwitchRumbleOutput {
+    uint8_t low_frequency_magnitude;
+    uint8_t high_frequency_magnitude;
+};
+
+size_t normalize_switch_output_report(uint8_t report_id,
+                                      const uint8_t* payload,
+                                      size_t payload_size,
+                                      uint8_t output[64]);
+
+class SwitchHapticsDecoder {
+public:
+    SwitchHapticsDecoder();
+
+    void reset();
+    SwitchRumbleOutput decode(const uint8_t payload[8]);
+
+private:
+    struct ActuatorState {
+        uint8_t high_amplitude;
+        uint8_t low_amplitude;
+        uint8_t high_frequency;
+        uint8_t low_frequency;
+        uint32_t last_word;
+        bool have_last_word;
+    };
+
+    struct AmplitudePeak {
+        uint8_t low;
+        uint8_t high;
+    };
+
+    static void reset_actuator(ActuatorState& state);
+    static AmplitudePeak decode_actuator(ActuatorState& state, uint32_t word);
+    static uint8_t amplitude_to_magnitude(uint8_t amplitude_index);
+
+    ActuatorState actuators_[2];
+};
+
+#endif

switch_pro_driver.cpp

@@ -87,6 +87,7 @@ static uint16_t rightMinX, rightMinY;
 static uint16_t rightCenX, rightCenY;
 static uint16_t rightMaxX, rightMaxY;
 static SwitchRumbleCallback rumble_callback = nullptr;
+static SwitchHapticsDecoder rumble_decoder;
 
 static const uint8_t factory_config_data[0xEFF] = {
     // serial number
@@ -402,15 +403,17 @@ static void read_spi_flash(uint8_t* dest, uint32_t address, uint8_t size) {
     }
 }
 
-static void forward_rumble_to_host(const uint8_t* report, uint16_t length) {
+static void forward_decoded_rumble(const uint8_t* report, uint16_t length) {
-    // Output reports 0x10/0x21 include 8 rumble bytes starting at offset 2.
+    // Output reports 0x10/0x01 include 8 rumble bytes starting at offset 2.
-    if (!rumble_callback || length < 10) {
+    if (length < 10) {
         return;
     }
-    uint8_t rumble[8];
+
-    memcpy(rumble, report + 2, sizeof(rumble));
+    SwitchRumbleOutput rumble = rumble_decoder.decode(report + 2);
+    if (rumble_callback) {
         rumble_callback(rumble);
     }
+}
 
 static void handle_config_report(uint8_t switchReportID, uint8_t switchReportSubID, const uint8_t *reportData, uint16_t reportLength) {
     bool canSend = false;
@@ -672,6 +675,7 @@ static void update_switch_report_from_state() {
 
 void switch_pro_init() {
     imu_mode = SwitchImuMode::Off;
+    rumble_decoder.reset();
     reset_motion_quaternion();
     player_id = 0;
     last_report_counter = 0;
@@ -931,52 +935,55 @@ uint16_t tud_hid_get_report_cb(uint8_t instance, uint8_t report_id, hid_report_t
     return report_size;
 }
 
-void tud_hid_set_report_cb(uint8_t instance, uint8_t report_id, hid_report_type_t report_type, uint8_t const *buffer, uint16_t bufsize) {
+static void process_output_report(uint8_t callback_report_id,
-    (void)instance;
+                                  const uint8_t* payload,
-    if (report_type != HID_REPORT_TYPE_OUTPUT) return;
+                                  uint16_t payload_size) {
-
+    uint8_t normalized[SWITCH_PRO_ENDPOINT_SIZE]{};
-    memset(report_buffer, 0x00, bufsize);
+    size_t normalized_size = normalize_switch_output_report(
-
+        callback_report_id, payload, payload_size, normalized);
-    uint8_t switchReportID = buffer[0];
+    if (normalized_size < 2) {
-    uint8_t switchReportSubID = buffer[1];
-    LOG_PRINTF("[HID] set_report type=%d id=%u switchRID=0x%02x sub=0x%02x len=%u\n",
-               report_type, report_id, switchReportID, switchReportSubID, bufsize);
-    if (switchReportID == REPORT_OUTPUT_10 || switchReportID == REPORT_OUTPUT_21) {
-        forward_rumble_to_host(buffer, bufsize);
-    }
-    if (switchReportID == REPORT_OUTPUT_00) {
-        // No-op, just acknowledge to clear any stalls.
         return;
-    } else if (switchReportID == REPORT_FEATURE) {
-        queued_report_id = report_id;
-        handle_feature_report(switchReportID, switchReportSubID, buffer, bufsize);
-    } else if (switchReportID == REPORT_CONFIGURATION) {
-        queued_report_id = report_id;
-        handle_config_report(switchReportID, switchReportSubID, buffer, bufsize);
-    } else {
-    }
     }
 
-void tud_hid_report_received_cb(uint8_t instance, uint8_t report_id, uint8_t const* buffer, uint16_t bufsize) {
+    memset(report_buffer, 0x00, sizeof(report_buffer));
-    (void)instance;
+    uint8_t switchReportID = normalized[0];
-    // Host sent data on interrupt OUT; mirror the control path handling.
+    uint8_t switchReportSubID = normalized[1];
-    memset(report_buffer, 0x00, bufsize);
+    LOG_PRINTF("[HID] output id=%u switchRID=0x%02x sub=0x%02x len=%u\n",
-    uint8_t switchReportID = buffer[0];
+               callback_report_id, switchReportID, switchReportSubID,
-    uint8_t switchReportSubID = buffer[1];
+               static_cast<unsigned>(normalized_size));
-    LOG_PRINTF("[HID] report_received id=%u switchRID=0x%02x sub=0x%02x len=%u\n",
+
-               report_id, switchReportID, switchReportSubID, bufsize);
+    if (switchReportID == REPORT_OUTPUT_10 || switchReportID == REPORT_FEATURE) {
-    if (switchReportID == REPORT_OUTPUT_10 || switchReportID == REPORT_OUTPUT_21) {
+        forward_decoded_rumble(normalized, static_cast<uint16_t>(normalized_size));
-        forward_rumble_to_host(buffer, bufsize);
     }
     if (switchReportID == REPORT_OUTPUT_00) {
         return;
-    } else if (switchReportID == REPORT_FEATURE) {
-        queued_report_id = report_id;
-        handle_feature_report(switchReportID, switchReportSubID, buffer, bufsize);
-    } else if (switchReportID == REPORT_CONFIGURATION) {
-        queued_report_id = report_id;
-        handle_config_report(switchReportID, switchReportSubID, buffer, bufsize);
     }
+
+    if (switchReportID == REPORT_FEATURE) {
+        queued_report_id = 0;
+        handle_feature_report(switchReportID, switchReportSubID, normalized,
+                              static_cast<uint16_t>(normalized_size));
+    } else if (switchReportID == REPORT_CONFIGURATION) {
+        queued_report_id = 0;
+        handle_config_report(switchReportID, switchReportSubID, normalized,
+                             static_cast<uint16_t>(normalized_size));
+    }
+}
+
+void tud_hid_set_report_cb(uint8_t instance, uint8_t report_id,
+                           hid_report_type_t report_type,
+                           const uint8_t* buffer, uint16_t bufsize) {
+    (void)instance;
+    if (report_type != HID_REPORT_TYPE_OUTPUT) {
+        return;
+    }
+    process_output_report(report_id, buffer, bufsize);
+}
+
+void tud_hid_report_received_cb(uint8_t instance, uint8_t report_id,
+                                const uint8_t* buffer, uint16_t bufsize) {
+    (void)instance;
+    process_output_report(report_id, buffer, bufsize);
 }
 
 uint8_t const * tud_hid_descriptor_report_cb(uint8_t itf) {

switch_pro_driver.h

@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@
 
 #include <stdbool.h>
 #include <stdint.h>
+#include "switch_haptics.h"
 #include "switch_pro_descriptors.h"
 
 typedef struct {
@@ -66,6 +67,6 @@ bool switch_pro_apply_uart_packet(const uint8_t* packet, uint8_t length, SwitchI
 // Driver state helpers
 bool switch_pro_is_ready();
 
-// Optional callback fired when the host sends a rumble payload (the raw 8 rumble bytes).
+// Optional callback fired with decoded rumble intensities from the host.
-typedef void (*SwitchRumbleCallback)(const uint8_t rumble_data[8]);
+typedef void (*SwitchRumbleCallback)(const SwitchRumbleOutput& rumble);
 void switch_pro_set_rumble_callback(SwitchRumbleCallback cb);

tests/switch_haptics_test.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,218 @@
+#include "switch_haptics.h"
+
+#include <array>
+#include <cstdint>
+#include <iostream>
+
+namespace {
+
+int failures = 0;
+
+void expect_output(const char* scenario, SwitchRumbleOutput actual,
+                   uint8_t expected_low, uint8_t expected_high) {
+    if (actual.low_frequency_magnitude == expected_low &&
+        actual.high_frequency_magnitude == expected_high) {
+        return;
+    }
+    std::cerr << scenario << ": expected low/high "
+              << static_cast<unsigned>(expected_low) << "/"
+              << static_cast<unsigned>(expected_high) << ", got "
+              << static_cast<unsigned>(actual.low_frequency_magnitude) << "/"
+              << static_cast<unsigned>(actual.high_frequency_magnitude) << '\n';
+    ++failures;
+}
+
+uint32_t type_2(uint8_t high_frequency, uint8_t high_amplitude,
+                uint8_t low_frequency, uint8_t low_amplitude) {
+    return (1u << 30u) |
+           ((static_cast<uint32_t>(low_amplitude) & 0x7fu) << 23u) |
+           ((static_cast<uint32_t>(low_frequency) & 0x7fu) << 16u) |
+           ((static_cast<uint32_t>(high_amplitude) & 0x7fu) << 9u) |
+           ((static_cast<uint32_t>(high_frequency) & 0x7fu) << 2u);
+}
+
+uint32_t type_1_one_sample(uint8_t high_command, uint8_t low_command) {
+    return (1u << 30u) |
+           ((static_cast<uint32_t>(low_command) & 0x1fu) << 25u) |
+           ((static_cast<uint32_t>(high_command) & 0x1fu) << 20u);
+}
+
+uint32_t type_1_three_samples(uint8_t high_0, uint8_t low_0,
+                              uint8_t high_1, uint8_t low_1,
+                              uint8_t high_2, uint8_t low_2) {
+    return (3u << 30u) |
+           ((static_cast<uint32_t>(low_0) & 0x1fu) << 25u) |
+           ((static_cast<uint32_t>(high_0) & 0x1fu) << 20u) |
+           ((static_cast<uint32_t>(low_1) & 0x1fu) << 15u) |
+           ((static_cast<uint32_t>(high_1) & 0x1fu) << 10u) |
+           ((static_cast<uint32_t>(low_2) & 0x1fu) << 5u) |
+           (static_cast<uint32_t>(high_2) & 0x1fu);
+}
+
+std::array<uint8_t, 8> payload(uint32_t left, uint32_t right) {
+    std::array<uint8_t, 8> bytes{};
+    const uint32_t words[2] = {left, right};
+    for (unsigned actuator = 0; actuator < 2; ++actuator) {
+        const unsigned offset = actuator * 4u;
+        bytes[offset] = static_cast<uint8_t>(words[actuator]);
+        bytes[offset + 1u] = static_cast<uint8_t>(words[actuator] >> 8u);
+        bytes[offset + 2u] = static_cast<uint8_t>(words[actuator] >> 16u);
+        bytes[offset + 3u] = static_cast<uint8_t>(words[actuator] >> 24u);
+    }
+    return bytes;
+}
+
+void test_neutral_and_per_actuator_reset() {
+    constexpr uint32_t neutral = 0x40400100u;
+    SwitchHapticsDecoder decoder;
+
+    auto frame = payload(neutral, neutral);
+    expect_output("explicit neutral", decoder.decode(frame.data()), 0, 0);
+
+    frame = payload(type_2(90, 16, 50, 127), type_2(100, 32, 40, 16));
+    expect_output("active actuators", decoder.decode(frame.data()), 250, 32);
+
+    decoder.reset();
+    frame = payload(1u << 5u, 1u << 5u);
+    expect_output("explicit decoder reset", decoder.decode(frame.data()), 0, 0);
+
+    frame = payload(type_2(90, 16, 50, 127), type_2(100, 32, 40, 16));
+    decoder.decode(frame.data());
+
+    frame = payload(0, type_2(100, 32, 40, 16));
+    expect_output("zero resets only left actuator", decoder.decode(frame.data()), 16, 32);
+
+    frame = payload(0, neutral);
+    expect_output("neutral resets right actuator", decoder.decode(frame.data()), 0, 0);
+}
+
+void test_type_2_full_state_and_band_mapping() {
+    constexpr uint32_t neutral = 0x40400100u;
+    SwitchHapticsDecoder decoder;
+    const auto frame = payload(type_2(100, 32, 20, 16), neutral);
+    expect_output("type-2 low/high mapping", decoder.decode(frame.data()), 16, 32);
+}
+
+void test_type_1_relative_update_and_idempotence() {
+    constexpr uint32_t neutral = 0x40400100u;
+    SwitchHapticsDecoder decoder;
+
+    auto frame = payload(type_2(64, 16, 64, 16), neutral);
+    expect_output("relative update initial state", decoder.decode(frame.data()), 16, 16);
+
+    frame = payload(type_1_one_sample(17, 20), neutral);
+    expect_output("type-1 relative update", decoder.decode(frame.data()), 17, 18);
+    expect_output("identical delta is idempotent", decoder.decode(frame.data()), 17, 18);
+}
+
+void test_subsample_peak_and_repeated_current_state() {
+    constexpr uint32_t neutral = 0x40400100u;
+    SwitchHapticsDecoder decoder;
+
+    auto frame = payload(type_2(64, 16, 64, 16), neutral);
+    decoder.decode(frame.data());
+
+    frame = payload(type_1_three_samples(17, 17, 29, 29, 24, 24), neutral);
+    expect_output("peak across three subsamples", decoder.decode(frame.data()), 18, 18);
+    expect_output("repeat returns final cumulative state", decoder.decode(frame.data()), 16, 16);
+}
+
+void test_left_right_peak_combination() {
+    SwitchHapticsDecoder decoder;
+    const auto frame = payload(type_2(90, 1, 50, 127), type_2(100, 32, 40, 1));
+    expect_output("independent actuator band peaks", decoder.decode(frame.data()), 250, 32);
+}
+
+void test_type_3_and_type_4_frames() {
+    constexpr uint32_t neutral = 0x40400100u;
+    SwitchHapticsDecoder decoder;
+
+    auto frame = payload(type_2(64, 16, 64, 16), neutral);
+    decoder.decode(frame.data());
+
+    const uint32_t type3 = (2u << 30u) | 1u | (70u << 1u) |
+                           (24u << 8u) | (17u << 13u) |
+                           (20u << 18u) | (32u << 23u);
+    frame = payload(type3, neutral);
+    expect_output("type-3 full plus relative samples", decoder.decode(frame.data()), 18, 32);
+
+    const uint32_t type4_low_amplitude = (1u << 30u) | 2u | (32u << 23u);
+    frame = payload(type4_low_amplitude, neutral);
+    expect_output("type-4 low amplitude selection", decoder.decode(frame.data()), 32, 32);
+
+    const uint32_t type4_high_amplitude = (1u << 30u) | 3u | (127u << 23u);
+    frame = payload(type4_high_amplitude, neutral);
+    expect_output("type-4 high amplitude selection", decoder.decode(frame.data()), 32, 250);
+}
+
+void test_malformed_and_reserved_words_preserve_state() {
+    constexpr uint32_t neutral = 0x40400100u;
+    SwitchHapticsDecoder decoder;
+
+    auto frame = payload(type_2(100, 32, 20, 16), neutral);
+    decoder.decode(frame.data());
+
+    frame = payload((1u << 30u) | 1u, neutral);
+    expect_output("reserved type discriminator", decoder.decode(frame.data()), 16, 32);
+
+    frame = payload(1u << 5u, neutral);
+    expect_output("zero-frame word clears high band", decoder.decode(frame.data()), 16, 0);
+}
+
+void test_output_report_normalization() {
+    const uint8_t stripped[] = {
+        0x0a,
+        0x00, 0x01, 0x40, 0x40, 0x00, 0x01, 0x40, 0x40,
+    };
+    uint8_t output[64]{};
+
+    size_t size = normalize_switch_output_report(0x01, stripped, sizeof(stripped), output);
+    if (size != sizeof(stripped) + 1 || output[0] != 0x01 ||
+        output[1] != 0x0a || output[2] != 0x00 || output[9] != 0x40) {
+        std::cerr << "stripped 0x01 report normalization failed\n";
+        ++failures;
+    }
+
+    size = normalize_switch_output_report(0x10, stripped, sizeof(stripped), output);
+    if (size != sizeof(stripped) + 1 || output[0] != 0x10 ||
+        output[1] != 0x0a || output[2] != 0x00 || output[9] != 0x40) {
+        std::cerr << "stripped 0x10 report normalization failed\n";
+        ++failures;
+    }
+
+    const uint8_t complete[] = {
+        0x10, 0x0a,
+        0x00, 0x01, 0x40, 0x40, 0x00, 0x01, 0x40, 0x40,
+    };
+    size = normalize_switch_output_report(0, complete, sizeof(complete), output);
+    if (size != sizeof(complete) || output[0] != 0x10 ||
+        output[1] != 0x0a || output[9] != 0x40) {
+        std::cerr << "complete interrupt report normalization failed\n";
+        ++failures;
+    }
+
+    std::array<uint8_t, 64> oversized{};
+    if (normalize_switch_output_report(0x01, oversized.data(), oversized.size(), output) != 0) {
+        std::cerr << "oversized stripped report was accepted\n";
+        ++failures;
+    }
+}
+
+}  // namespace
+
+int main() {
+    test_neutral_and_per_actuator_reset();
+    test_type_2_full_state_and_band_mapping();
+    test_type_1_relative_update_and_idempotence();
+    test_subsample_peak_and_repeated_current_state();
+    test_left_right_peak_combination();
+    test_type_3_and_type_4_frames();
+    test_malformed_and_reserved_words_preserve_state();
+    test_output_report_normalization();
+
+    if (failures != 0) {
+        std::cerr << failures << " haptics test(s) failed\n";
+        return 1;
+    }
+    return 0;
+}

tests/test_controller_uart_bridge.py

@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ class RecordingUART:
     def send_report(self, report: SwitchReport) -> None:
         self.sent_imu.append(tuple(report.imu_samples))
 
-    def read_rumble_payload(self) -> bytes | None:
+    def read_rumble(self) -> tuple[float, float] | None:
         return None
 
 

tests/test_switch_haptics_native.py

@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import shutil
+import subprocess
+from pathlib import Path
+
+
+def test_switch_haptics_native(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
+    root = Path(__file__).resolve().parents[1]
+    compiler = shutil.which("c++") or shutil.which("g++")
+    assert compiler is not None, "a host C++ compiler is required"
+
+    executable = tmp_path / "switch_haptics_test"
+    subprocess.run(
+        [
+            compiler,
+            "-std=c++17",
+            "-Wall",
+            "-Wextra",
+            "-Werror",
+            "-pedantic",
+            f"-I{root}",
+            str(root / "switch_haptics.cpp"),
+            str(root / "tests" / "switch_haptics_test.cpp"),
+            "-o",
+            str(executable),
+        ],
+        check=True,
+        cwd=root,
+    )
+    subprocess.run([str(executable)], check=True, cwd=root)

tests/test_uart_protocol.py

@@ -6,8 +6,11 @@ from switch_pico_bridge.switch_pico_uart import (
     SwitchReport,
     IMUSample,
     SwitchDpad,
+    PicoUART,
     UART_HEADER,
     UART_PROTOCOL_VERSION,
+    RUMBLE_HEADER,
+    RUMBLE_TYPE_DECODED,
     ACCEL_LSB_PER_G,
     GYRO_LSB_PER_RAD_S,
     MS2_PER_G,
@@ -15,6 +18,36 @@ from switch_pico_bridge.switch_pico_uart import (
 )
 
 
+class BufferedSerial:
+    def __init__(self, data: bytes = b""):
+        self._data = bytearray(data)
+
+    @property
+    def in_waiting(self) -> int:
+        return len(self._data)
+
+    def read(self, size: int) -> bytes:
+        data = bytes(self._data[:size])
+        del self._data[:size]
+        return data
+
+    def feed(self, data: bytes) -> None:
+        self._data.extend(data)
+
+
+def make_rumble_frame(low: int, high: int) -> bytes:
+    frame = bytes([RUMBLE_HEADER, RUMBLE_TYPE_DECODED, low, high])
+    return frame + bytes([compute_checksum(frame)])
+
+
+def make_uart(data: bytes = b"") -> tuple[PicoUART, BufferedSerial]:
+    uart = object.__new__(PicoUART)
+    serial_port = BufferedSerial(data)
+    uart.serial = serial_port
+    uart._buffer = bytearray()
+    return uart, serial_port
+
+
 def test_v2_frame_with_imu_samples():
     """V2 frame with 3 IMU samples should be 48 bytes with correct layout."""
     r = SwitchReport(
@@ -118,3 +151,34 @@ def test_max_imu_samples_capped():
     assert len(data) == 48  # 3 samples, not 5
     assert data[10] == 3
     assert data[2] == 44  # payload_len for 3 samples
+
+
+def test_decoded_rumble_frame_survives_fragmented_input():
+    frame = make_rumble_frame(64, 192)
+    uart, serial_port = make_uart(frame[:3])
+
+    assert uart.read_rumble() is None
+
+    serial_port.feed(frame[3:])
+    assert uart.read_rumble() == pytest.approx((64 / 255.0, 192 / 255.0))
+
+
+def test_decoded_rumble_frame_resynchronizes_after_garbage():
+    uart, _ = make_uart(b"\x00\xffnot-a-frame" + make_rumble_frame(12, 34))
+
+    assert uart.read_rumble() == pytest.approx((12 / 255.0, 34 / 255.0))
+
+
+def test_decoded_rumble_frame_rejects_bad_checksum():
+    corrupted = bytearray(make_rumble_frame(25, 50))
+    corrupted[-1] ^= 0x01
+    uart, _ = make_uart(bytes(corrupted) + make_rumble_frame(75, 100))
+
+    assert uart.read_rumble() == pytest.approx((75 / 255.0, 100 / 255.0))
+
+
+def test_decoded_rumble_zero_and_full_magnitudes():
+    uart, _ = make_uart(make_rumble_frame(0, 0) + make_rumble_frame(255, 255))
+
+    assert uart.read_rumble() == (0.0, 0.0)
+    assert uart.read_rumble() == (1.0, 1.0)

tests/test_uart_rumble.py

@@ -0,0 +1,101 @@
+"""Focused tests for decoded UART rumble delivery to SDL3."""
+
+from argparse import Namespace
+from io import StringIO
+from typing import cast
+
+import pytest
+import sdl3
+from rich.console import Console
+
+import switch_pico_bridge.controller_uart_bridge as bridge
+from switch_pico_bridge.switch_pico_uart import PicoUART, SwitchReport, UART_BAUD
+
+
+class RecordingUART:
+    def __init__(self) -> None:
+        self.rumble: list[tuple[float, float]] = []
+
+    def send_report(self, _report: SwitchReport) -> None:
+        pass
+
+    def read_rumble(self) -> tuple[float, float] | None:
+        if not self.rumble:
+            return None
+        return self.rumble.pop(0)
+
+
+def make_config() -> bridge.BridgeConfig:
+    return bridge.BridgeConfig(
+        interval=10.0,
+        deadzone_raw=0,
+        trigger_threshold=0,
+        zero_sticks=False,
+        zero_hotkey="",
+        swap_hotkey="",
+        button_map_default={},
+        button_map_swapped={},
+        swap_abxy_indices=set(),
+        swap_abxy_ids=set(),
+        swap_abxy_global=False,
+        no_imu=True,
+    )
+
+
+def test_apply_rumble_maps_low_and_high_with_50ms_duration(
+    monkeypatch: pytest.MonkeyPatch,
+) -> None:
+    calls: list[tuple[int, int, int]] = []
+    monkeypatch.setattr(
+        bridge.sdl3,
+        "SDL_RumbleGamepad",
+        lambda _controller, low, high, duration: calls.append((low, high, duration)),
+    )
+    controller = cast(sdl3.SDL_Gamepad, object())
+
+    assert bridge.apply_rumble(controller, 1.0, 0.5)
+    assert calls[-1] == (0xFFFF, 0x7FFF, 50)
+
+    assert not bridge.apply_rumble(controller, 0.0, 0.0)
+    assert calls[-1] == (0, 0, 50)
+
+
+def test_repeated_constant_rumble_stays_active_until_idle_timeout(
+    monkeypatch: pytest.MonkeyPatch,
+) -> None:
+    calls: list[tuple[int, int, int]] = []
+    monkeypatch.setattr(
+        bridge.sdl3,
+        "SDL_RumbleGamepad",
+        lambda _controller, low, high, duration: calls.append((low, high, duration)),
+    )
+    monkeypatch.setattr(bridge, "poll_controller_buttons", lambda _ctx, _map: None)
+
+    uart = RecordingUART()
+    controller = cast(sdl3.SDL_Gamepad, object())
+    ctx = bridge.ControllerContext(
+        controller,
+        7,
+        0,
+        "controller",
+        "/dev/null",
+        cast(PicoUART, cast(object, uart)),
+    )
+    contexts = {ctx.instance_id: ctx}
+    args = Namespace(baud=UART_BAUD)
+    console = Console(file=StringIO())
+
+    magnitude = (64 / 255.0, 192 / 255.0)
+    uart.rumble.append(magnitude)
+    bridge.service_contexts(1.0, args, make_config(), contexts, [], console)
+    uart.rumble.append(magnitude)
+    bridge.service_contexts(1.7, args, make_config(), contexts, [], console)
+    bridge.service_contexts(1.71, args, make_config(), contexts, [], console)
+
+    assert calls == [(16448, 49344, 50), (16448, 49344, 50)]
+    assert ctx.rumble_active
+
+    bridge.service_contexts(1.96, args, make_config(), contexts, [], console)
+
+    assert calls[-1] == (0, 0, 0)
+    assert not ctx.rumble_active